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. 2023 Jan 5;21:7. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01763-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — ADMSC^old demonstrated significant cellular senescence and impaired NAD+ metabolism. a SA-β-gal activity and the percentages of SA-β-gal-positive cells in ADMSC^young and ADMSC^old. Scale bar = 200 μm, n = 6. b Immunofluorescence staining of p16^INK4A (green), p21^CIP1 (red) and nuclear (DAPI, blue) in cultured ADMSC^young and ADMSC^old. Scale bar = 200 μm. Quantification of the relative rate of positive cells was performed, n = 6. c NAD+ concentrations and NAD+/NADH ratios in ADMSC^young and ADMSC^old, n = 6. d The relative expression of NAD+ metabolism-related genes by RT‒PCR in ADMSC^young and ADMSC^old and their expression patterns were visualized by a heatmap. Low expression is marked in blue, and high expression is marked in red. Red * indicates significantly different genes, n = 3. The red box highlights the target gene NAMPT, which was used in an advanced study. (e) Western blot analysis and quantification of the expression of NAMPT proteins in ADMSC^young and ADMSC^old, n = 3. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (***: P < 0.001)