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. 2023 Jan 5;21:7. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01763-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — ADMSC^young-EVs, but not ADMSC^old-EVs, alleviated the pathological structural, functional and biomechanical properties in tendinopathy. a H&E staining of tendon tissues in the control, tendinopathy, tendinopathy with ADMSC^young-EVs and tendinopathy with ADMSC^old-EVs treatment groups 4 weeks after surgery. Scale bar = 200 μm, n = 4. b Masson’s trichrome staining of tendon tissues of the control, tendinopathy, tendinopathy with ADMSC^young-EVs and tendinopathy with ADMSC^old-EVs treatment groups 4 weeks after surgery. The collagen fibers were stained red, and the collagen matrix disruptions were stained blue. Scale bar = 200 μm, n = 4. c TUNEL assay of the control, tendinopathy, tendinopathy with ADMSC^young-EVs and tendinopathy with ADMSC^old-EVs treatment group 4 weeks after surgery. Scale bar = 200 μm. The rate of TUNEL-positive cells was analyzed, n = 4. d The relative expression of Col I and Col III and the Col III/Col I ratio by ELISAs of tendon tissues of the control, tendinopathy, tendinopathy with ADMSC^young-EVs and tendinopathy with ADMSC^old-EVs treatment groups 4 weeks after surgery, n = 4. e The relative expression of MMP3, MMP9 and TIMP-1 by ELISAs of tendon tissues of the control, tendinopathy, tendinopathy with ADMSC^young-EVs and tendinopathy with ADMSC^old-EVs treatment groups 4 weeks after surgery. f The biomechanical properties, including the maximum tensile load and stiffness of tendon tissues of the control, tendinopathy, tendinopathy with ADMSC^young-EVs and tendinopathy with ADMSC^old-EVs treatment groups 4 weeks after surgery, n = 4. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001)