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. 2023 Jan 5;21:7. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01763-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — ADMSC^young-EVs, but not ADMSC^old-EVs, alleviated cell death and cellular senescence of tenocytes treated with IL-1β. a The cellular viability in the control, IL-1β, IL-1β + ADMSC^young-EVs and IL-1β + ADMSC^old-EVs tenocyte groups, n = 6. b Live/dead assay and rate of dead cells in the control, IL-1β, IL-1β + ADMSC^young-EVs and IL-1β + ADMSC^old-EVs tenocytes groups, n = 6. Live cells are marked green, and dead cells are marked red. Scale bar = 50 μm, n = 6. c Immunofluorescence staining of p16^INK4A (green), p21^CIP1 (green) and nuclear (DAPI, blue) in the control, IL-1β, IL-1β + ADMSC^young-EVs and IL-1β + ADMSC^old-EVs tenocytes groups. Scale bar = 200 μm, n = 6. d SA-β-gal activity and the percentages of SA-β-gal-positive cells in ADMSC^young and ADMSC^old. Scale bar = 50 μm, n = 6. e Images and quantification of migrated tenocytes in the control, IL-1β, IL-1β + ADMSC^young-EV and IL-1β + ADMSC^old-EV groups. Scale bar = 50 μm, n = 6. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (***: P < 0.001)