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. 2023 Jan 5;21:7. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01763-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — ADMSC^young-EVs, but not ADMSC^old-EVs, alleviated pathological ECM remodeling of tenocytes induced by TGF-β1. a Immunofluorescence staining and relative intensity of α-SMA (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in the control, TGF-β1, TGF-β1 + ADMSC^young-EV and TGF-β1 + ADMSC^old-EV tenocyte groups. Scale bar = 200 μm, n = 4. b Immunofluorescence staining and relative intensity of phalloidin (green) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in the control, TGF-β1, TGF-β1 + ADMSC^young-EV and TGF-β1 + ADMSC^old-EV tenocyte groups. Scale bar = 200 μm, n = 4. c Relative collagen contraction rate in the control, TGF-β1, TGF-β1 + ADMSC^young-EV and TGF-β1 + ADMSC^old-EV tenocyte groups, n = 4. d–e Relative expression of collagen formation- and degradation-related genes in the control, TGF-β1, TGF-β1 + ADMSC^young-EV and TGF-β1 + ADMSC^old-EV tenocyte groups, n = 3. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (*: control vs. TGF-β1 treatment; #: TGF-β1 treatment vs. TGF-β1 + ADMSC^young-EVs treatment; &: TGF-β1 + ADMSC^young-EVs vs. TGF-β1 + ADMSC^old-EVs treatment groups, P < 0.05)