Fig. 3. Synthetic routes to symmetrical and asymmetrical Ar-BIAN ligands.

a Typical solution-based synthetic route to Ar-BIAN compounds. b Synthesis of asymmetric Ar,Ar’-BIAN complexes via transimination from a symmetric Ar-BIAN Zn complex or ZnCl₂ condensation. c Synthesis of tridentate ligands comprising Ar-BIAN and pendant donors (O, P, and S).