Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of regions and respondents’ characteristics (n=629 370)
| Characteristics | Region | P value | ||||||
| Sumatra (n=188 111) |
Java–Bali (n=227 337) |
Nusa Tenggara (n=38 145) |
Kalimantan (n=61 598) |
Sulawesi (n=81 675) |
Maluku (n=14 625) |
Papua (n=17 879) |
||
| Hospital utilisation (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Unused | 94.9 | 94.3 | 95.7 | 95.0 | 94.1 | 96.5 | 95.1 | |
| Used | 5.1 | 5.7 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 3.5 | 4.9 | |
| Residence type (%) | ||||||||
| Urban | 42.8 | 64.5 | 35.8 | 46.9 | 39.4 | 38.3 | 31.7 | |
| Rural | 57.2 | 35.5 | 64.2 | 53.1 | 60.6 | 61.7 | 68.3 | |
| Age (mean) (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| ≤17 years | 7.9 | 6.7 | 9.0 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 9.5 | 6.4 | |
| 18–64 years | 85.7 | 84.3 | 83.5 | 87.0 | 84.2 | 84.5 | 91.1 | |
| ≥65 years | 6.4 | 9.0 | 7.5 | 5.5 | 7.8 | 6.0 | 2.5 | |
| Gender (%) | ||||||||
| Male | 50.3 | 49.6 | 48.0 | 51.5 | 49.2 | 50.2 | 52.6 | |
| Female | 49.7 | 50.4 | 52.0 | 48.5 | 50.8 | 49.8 | 47.4 | |
| Marital status (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Never in union | 25.0 | 21.9 | 25.3 | 23.4 | 25.2 | 26.2 | 19.7 | |
| Married/living with a partner | 67.9 | 69.2 | 66.6 | 69.4 | 66.4 | 66.7 | 74.5 | |
| Divorced/widowed | 7.1 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 7.1 | 5.8 | |
| Educational level (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| No education | 3.6 | 6.0 | 10.1 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 17.7 | |
| Primary | 55.8 | 58.6 | 57.5 | 59.2 | 57.0 | 52.5 | 47.1 | |
| Secondary | 31.9 | 27.5 | 23.4 | 27.0 | 27.3 | 33.9 | 25.9 | |
| Higher | 8.6 | 7.9 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 9.2 | |
| Occupation (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| No work | 37.5 | 37.5 | 34.9 | 35.6 | 41.3 | 37.8 | 32.0 | |
| Civil servant/army/police | 3.5 | 2.2 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 6.9 | 6.6 | |
| Private sector | 6.1 | 12.5 | 5.4 | 11.9 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 5.8 | |
| Entrepreneur | 14.4 | 15.3 | 9.2 | 13.8 | 10.8 | 7.6 | 10.1 | |
| Farmer/fisherman/labour | 32.7 | 27.7 | 39.4 | 27.5 | 29.2 | 33.4 | 41.4 | |
| Others | 5.8 | 4.7 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 9.4 | 10.5 | 4.1 | |
| Wealth status (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Poorest | 12.4 | 18.1 | 31.9 | 7.0 | 24.8 | 16.4 | 22.3 | |
| Poorer | 19.8 | 18.4 | 21.1 | 15.9 | 17.6 | 19.2 | 11.2 | |
| Middle | 22.4 | 18.2 | 18.4 | 22.4 | 18.2 | 23.3 | 12.8 | |
| Richer | 23.8 | 19.6 | 14.9 | 24.8 | 18.7 | 22.5 | 19.4 | |
| Richest | 21.7 | 25.7 | 13.6 | 29.8 | 20.7 | 18.6 | 34.4 | |
| Health insurance (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Uninsured | 32.9 | 32.9 | 35.5 | 37.6 | 27.2 | 38.6 | 16.1 | |
| Government-run insurance | 63.5 | 62.1 | 63.6 | 57.4 | 70.9 | 60.8 | 82.3 | |
| Private-run insurance | 2.8 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.0 | |
| Government-run and private-run insurance | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | |
| Travel time (%) | ||||||||
| ≤1 hour | 75.1 | 87.5 | 68.7 | 68.2 | 75.1 | 60.4 | 53.4 | |
| >1 hour | 24.9 | 12.5 | 31.3 | 31.8 | 24.9 | 39.6 | 46.6 | |