TABLE 2.

Details of Psychiatric Evaluations from Studies Reviewed

References	Psychiatric outcome measured	Psychiatric assessment tool	Preoperative psychiatric assessment	Intraoperative psychiatric assessment	Postoperative psychiatric assessment	Time between surgery and preoperative/postoperative psychiatric assessment	Psychiatric support and coping strategy provided	Intraoperative complications	Other psychiatric assessment
Whittle et al48	Anxiety	Self-developed questionnaire	No	No	Yes	4, 5 d	Yes—The neurosurgeon provided counselling twice preoperatively. A speech therapist, an anesthetist, and a theatre nurse provided preoperative counseling too.	None	Fear, discomfort
Hol et al49	Stress and anxiety	VAS	Yes	No	Yes	1 d	NS	NS	Pain
Klimek et al50	Stress and anxiety	VAS	Yes	No	Yes	1 d	NS	NS	Pain
Goebel et al51	Acute stress and anxiety	HADS, DSM-IV	Yes	No	Yes	5 ± 2 d	Yes—Preoperative consultation was provided by neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists, and neuropsychologist a day before the surgery. Postoperative consultation was provided by a neuropsychologist.	Seizure (n = 2).	Distress
Santini et al52	Anxiety and depression	BDI, PASS-20, STAI	Yes	Yes	No	NA	NS	NS	Pain, fear
Santini et al53	Anxiety and depression	BDI, STAI	Yes	No	Yes	NS	NS	NS	Memory, affective state
Milian et al54	PTSD	Self-developed questionnaire	No	No	Yes	97.3 ± 93.2 wks (mean and SD)	Yes—Postoperative psychiatric support was provided.	NS	Pain, general health
Beez et al55	Anxiety	VAS	No	Yes (beginning, middle, end)	No	NA	Yes—Mainly by the neurosurgeon in a preoperative session. In some centers, specialized nurses or speech therapists joined for additional support.	Seizure (n = 14).	Pain
Zemmoura et al32	Stress	PCLS, PSS, self-developed questionnaire.	No	No	Yes	NS	Yes—Preoperative preparation and training were provided by an anesthesiologist to familiarise the patient with the procedure and gain the patient's approval and confidence in the method.	Nausea (n = 7), vomiting (n = 5), seizure (n = 5).	Hypnosis experience
Joswig et al56	Stress	Self-developed questionnaire	No	No	Yes	NS	Yes—Preoperative preparations and intraoperative support were provided by the neurosurgeon, anesthesiologist and speech therapist.	Failure of AC because of intraoperative seizure or limited cooperation (n = 2).	Fear
Goettel et al57	Anxiety	VAS	No	Yes	Yes	NS	NS	Supraventricular tachycardia (n = 1). Bradycardia and hypotension (n = 1). Intraoperative psychomotor agitation (n = 4). Intraoperative seizures in dexmedetomidine (n = 3).	Pain
Riquin et al58	PTSD and acute stress	DSM IV or DSM V	Yes	No	Yes	1 wk-3 mo	Yes—Preoperative counseling and support were provided by a child psychiatrist, a neuropsychologist, and a language therapist. A meeting was provided for the child to meet another child who underwent AC to share their experiences. The patient visited the operating room and met the team beforehand to become familiar with the atmosphere.	NS	Pain
Wu et al59	Anxiety	STAI	Yes	No	Yes	1 d	NS	NS	NS
Ruis et al5	Anxiety and depression	HADS	Yes	No	No	2	NS	NS	NS
van Ark et al60	Anxiety	Self-developed questionnaire	Yes	No	Yes	NS	Yes—Preoperative psychological preparation was provided.	Local seizures	Pain, memory
Hejrati et al61	Anxiety and depression	HADS, PHQ	Yes	Yes (fear and pain)	Yes	3 d and 3 mo	NS	NS	Pain, fear
Cathey et al62	Anxiety	VAS	Yes	Yes	No	NS	Yes—A dedicated operating room nurse monitored the patient during the administration of lavender aromatherapy.	NS	Pain
Huguet et al63	Stress, anxiety, depression	Structured psychological analysis	Yes	No	Yes	Up to 1 y	Yes—A psychologist provided preparation during several meetings with the patient.	Seizure. Speech arrest and paraesthesia (n = 1).	Pain
Colgan et al64	Stress, anxiety, depression	APAIS. GAD-7. PHQ-9. PCL-C	Yes	No	Yes	2 wks	Yes—A clinical psychologist or a speech-language pathologist counselled the patient 1 to 4 d before the surgery and discussed stress management techniques.	None	Pain, distress
Staub-Bartelt et al65	Anxiety, depression	HADS	Yes	No	No	1-2 d	Yes—Perioperative psycho-oncological support was provided. A simulation of the awake situation was provided 1 d before surgery, and the entire procedure was practised with the patient.	NS	Distress
Kamata et al66	Anxiety	DSM-V	No	Yes	No	NA	Yes—Intensive preoperative assessment and preparation were provided by the neurosurgeon, anesthesiologist, and nursing staff. A short movie of the entire procedure was shown to provide a virtual experience of the AC.	Seizure (n = 71), nausea and vomiting (n = 130)	Panic attack
Bakhshi et al67	Depression	PHQ-9	No	No	Yes	NS	NS	NS	NS
Stalnacke et al68	Anxiety and depression	HADS	Yes	No	Yes	Postoperative 5.9 mo (SD, 7.5; range, 2.2–12.9)	NS	NS	Quality of life, mental fatigue
Rahmani et al43	PTSD, anxiety, and depression	HADS, DSM-V	Yes	No	Yes	1 wk before, 3 and 6 mo after	Yes—The senior neurosurgeon, anesthesiologist, and neuropsychologist provided preoperative counseling and support.	NS	NS

AC, awake craniotomy; APAIS, Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale; BDI, Beck depression inventory; DSM, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; NA, not applicable; NS, not specified; PASS, pain anxiety symptoms scale; PCL-C, post-traumatic stress disorder checklist civilian version; PCLS; post-traumatic stress disorder checklist scale; PHQ, patient health questionnaire; PSS, perceived stress scale; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; STAI, state-trait anxiety inventory; VAS, visual analogue scale.