TABLE 3.

Subgroup analysis of odd ratios for the association between screen time and depression.

		No of studies	RR (95% CI)	I2 (%)	P-value for heterogeneity	P-value between groups
Study location						0.648
	Asia	4	1.24 (1.07, 1.43)	21.7	0.280
	North America	9	1.07 (1.01, 1.14)	89.4	<0.001
	Europe	5	1.11 (1.04, 1.18)	67.7	0.015
During COVID-19 pandemic						0.101
	Not	16	1.12 (1.07, 1.18)	82.6	<0.001
	Yes	2	0.98 (0.85, 1.14)	83.2	0.015
Depression at baseline						0.530
	Excluded	12	1.11 (1.06, 1.16)	66.0	0.001
	Included	6	1.07 (1.00, 1.15)	85.4	<0.001
Sample size						0.221
	<5,000	13	1.14 (1.07, 1.22)	73.4	<0.001
	>5,000	5	1.06 (1.00, 1.13)	92.5	<0.001
Study quality						0.287
	Low quality	4	1.03 (0.96, 1.10)	90.6	<0.001
	Medium quality	12	1.17 (1.09, 1.25)	56.8	0.008
	High quality	2	1.10 (1.06, 1.12)	0	0.397
Follow-up time						0.580
	<60 months	12	1.09 (1.03, 1.15)	79.4	<0.001
	>60 months	6	1.11 (1.06, 1.16)	64.2	0.016
Screen time in the control group						0.037
	Continuous	4	1.05 (1.01, 1.09)	64.8	0.036
	≤1 h/day	7	1.12 (1.06, 1.18)	50.3	0.060
	>1 h/day	4	1.22 (1.09, 1.36)	0	0.722
Physical activity adjusted
	Yes	8	1.11 (1.01, 1.22)	83.4	0.001	0.774
	No	10	1.10 (1.06, 1.14)	68.3	<0.001
Sex						0.867
	Mix	12	1.10 (1.06, 1.14)	74.6	<0.001
	Female	7	1.15 (1.01, 1.31)	76.2	0.001
	Male	5	1.12 (0.89, 1.42)	77.4	0.004
Gender						0.429
	0–20	7	1.18 (1.04, 1.34)	86.0	<0.001
	20–44	8	1.08 (1.05, 1.12)	61.0	0.012
	>44	3	1.09 (0.92, 1.30)	88.4	<0.001
Screen equipment						0.689
	Screen not specific	6	1.06 (1.00, 1.13)	70.5	0.005
	Using mobile phone	4	1.13 (1.01, 1.25)	57.7	0.069
	Watching TV	8	1.13 (1.06, 1.21)	65.0	0.006
	Using computer	8	1.09 (0.99, 1.20)	89.1	<0.001