TABLE 3.

Studies showing anti-diabetic significance of finger millet along with its effect on gut microbiota.

Study	Model/design	Anti-diabetic effect	Impact on gut microbiota	References
Finger millet bran treatment for high-fat diet-fed mice	• HFD mice model with negative control 12-week duration	• Improved lipid profile and anti-inflammatory status • Lowered oxidative stress • Prevented weight gain	• ↑ Abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Roseburia • ↓ Abundance of Enterobacter	(19)
Effect of Finger millet polyphenols on high-fat diet induced metabolic activities	• Polyphenol-rich extracts made using n-hexane • HFD mice model • 2-week duration	• Prevented fat deposition, and adipocyte hypertrophy • Decrease in systemic inflammation • Improved body mass index	• ↑ Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio	(123)
Effect of finger millet arabinoxylan on HFD fed mice	• Oral gavage of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg bodyweight • 10-week duration	• Improved glucose and serum lipid profile • Improved liver and white adipose tissue gene expressions • Decrease in hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation	• ↑ Firmicutes ↑ Lachnospiraceae family • ↑ Microbial richness and diversity	(20)
Prebiotic activity of purified finger millet xylobiose	• Enzymatic digestion and in vitro fermentation • Enzymatic hydrolysis of purified xylanase (240 μg) at 50°C for 150 min	• SCFA generation; specially acetate	• ↑ Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus	(124)
Role of finger millet β-glucan	• In vitro model • α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition at 1.23 and 1.42 μg/ml, respectively • Antibacterial activity at <70 μg/ml	• Inhibits the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase • Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity	• ↓ Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Enterococcus faecalis • ↓ Proteus vulgaris and Shigella sonnei	(89)
Synbiotic effect of Finger millet porridge	• In vitro model • Presence of probiotic	• Antioxidant activity	• ↓ Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli.	(125)
Synbiotic effect of fermented finger millet milk	• In vitro model • Toned milk with 20% finger millet flour, along with Streptococcus thermophilus MTCC 5460 and Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463	• Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic potential • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory	• Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and E. coli	(126)