Table 1. Population characteristics.
(N = 772 participants).
| Frequency n/N (%) or mean (±SD) or median (IQR) | |
|---|---|
| Maternal age (years, N = 770) | 29.1 (± 6.6) |
| Ethnicity | |
| White | 287/769 (37.3) |
| Non-white | 482/769 (62.7) |
| BMI group | |
| < 30 kg/m2 | 345/746 (46.2) |
| ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 401/746 (53.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2, N = 746) | 31.3 (± 5.9) |
| Height (cm, N = 762) | 160.8 (± 6.5) |
| HDI (scaled to max. value 100; N = 746), median (IQR) | 77.6 (67.8–80.5) |
| Years of schooling (N = 766) | 11.80 (± 2.73) |
| Occupation | |
| Healthcare workers | 52/758 (6.9) |
| Essential non-healthcare workersª | 92/758 (12.1) |
| Other (non-essential) workers | 614/758 (81.0) |
| Smoking | 72/770 (9.4) |
| Alcohol use | 56/759 (7.4) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Diabetes | 21/767 (2.7) |
| Hypertension | 41/767 (5.3) |
| Cardiac | 19/768 (2.5) |
| Lung | 49/768 (6.4) |
| Rheumatic | 19/768 (2.5) |
| Cancer | 6/772 (0.8) |
| Thromboembolic | 10/772 (1.3) |
| Any one of the above comorbidities | 147/767 (19.2) |
| Nulliparous | 315/771 (40.9) |
| HIV seropositive | 8/736 (1.1) |
| Syphilis seropositiveb | 35/722 (4.8) |
| Hepatitis C seropositive | 3/428 (0.7) |
| Hepatitis B (anti-HBs) seropositive | 105/646 (16.3) |
BMI = body mass index; HDI = human development index
Where the denominator of a proportion differs from the overall sample size of 772, this is because of missing data.
ª Essential workers defined as those working with food supply or hospital services such as cleaning and hospitality
b Either positive by treponemal assay (e.g., Treponema pallidum particle assay [TPPA]) in those who had never tested positive for syphilis) and/or by non-treponemal assay (e.g., Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory [VDRL]) with a positivity cut-off titer of ≥1:4