Fig 4. Spatiotemporal distribution of long-persisting clonal clusters across Ecuador and Colombia.

A combined analysis of recent whole-genome sequencing data (2013–2017) and older longitudinally sampled parasites genotyped at 250 SNPs (1993–2007; N = 325 [32]) identified six clonal clusters that have persisted in the region for a decade or longer. Four of these clusters were sampled in both Colombia and Ecuador, albeit not within the same year. Clonal clusters detected in a given year are depicted by the vertices with the size of the vertex corresponding to the number of samples. S6C Fig breaks down the clonal components by within-country location.