Table 5.
Studies have used various approaches to enhance ciprofloxacin activity against bacterial infection in animal models and in vivo.
| References | Antibacterial agents | Animal models | Bacteria | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (231) | Recombinant glycoside hydrolases | Lung infection | P. aeruginosa | The Co-T* leads to a greater reduction in pulmonary bacterial burden than with either agent alone |
| (232) | PDT with cationic imidazolyl photosensitizers | Wound infection | E. coli | This synergic combination decreased the ciprofloxacin and photosensitizer needed for full bacteria inactivation |
| (233) | Toll-like receptor 2 agonist | B. anthracis infected mice | B. anthracis | The Co-T showed augmented activity in protecting mice from infection |
| (234) | Non-hydroxamate LpxC inhibitor | Murine model of pneumonia | K. pneumoniae | The Co-T decreased the production of IL-6 and LPS release induced by ciprofloxacin in the lung |
| (235) | Macrophage-membrane NPs | Mouse peritoneal infection model | S. aureus | NPs killed staphylococci more effectively than ANPs without membrane encapsulation |
| (236) | Neutrophil-factor S100A8/A9 | Biofilm-infected chronic wounds | P. aeruginosa | Ciprofloxacin monotherapy developed resistance (after 14 days), while combination therapy changed the resistance pattern |
| (237) | Ciprofloxacin/rolipram nanostructured lipid carriers | Bacteremia with organ injury | MRSA | This compound remarkably reduced elastase distribution and MRSA burden in the organs of MRSA-infected animals |
| (238) | Thymine | Galleria mellonella infection model | E. coli | Thymine significantly enhanced ciprofloxacin activity |
| (221) | Phage | Neutropenic mouse model of acute lung infection | P. aeruginosa | The Co-T remarkably decreased the bacterial load in mouse lungs. In contrast, no significant reduction in the load of bacteria was detected when the animals were treated only with phage or ciprofloxacin |
| (239) | Truncated alpha-defensins analog 2Abz23S29 | Murine model of urinary tract infection | UPEC | The macrophage inflammatory protein/2 and IL-6 in infected mice treated with combination therapy were remarkably higher than in the untreated mice |
| (240) | Antibiotic-loaded adipose-derived stem cells | Rat implant-associated infection model | S. aureus | Rats treated with combination therapy had the lowest abscess formation, modified osteomyelitis scores, and bacterial burden on the implant |
| (241) | PLGA microsphere-based composite hydrogel- ginsenoside Rh2 | Mouse model of MRSA skin infections | MRSA | Great potential for the treatment of wound infection |
| (242) | 2-(2-aminophenyl) indole (efflux pump inhibitor) | Murine thigh infection model | S. aureus | The Co-T indicated significant efficacy against bacterial infection |
| (173) | Antibiotics | Invasive infection | Vibrio vulnificus | The survival rate was significantly higher in mice treated with tigecycline plus ciprofloxacin than in mice treated with cefotaxime plus minocycline |
| (243) | Glycyrrhizin | Ocular infection | P. aeruginosa | The Co-T vs. ciprofloxacin remarkably decreased plate count, clinical scores, and myeloperoxidase |
| (244) | 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one chelator | Pneumonia | Acinetobacter baumannii | Treatment with ciprofloxacin alone was insufficient for removing infection caused by ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria; however, the combination therapy significantly improved treatment efficacy |
| (245) | Immunomodulatory S100A8/A9 | Murine chronic wound model | P. aeruginosa | Augmented the effect of ciprofloxacin |
PDT, photodynamic therapy; Co-T, combination therapy; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NPs, nanoparticles; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; UPEC, uropathogenic E. coli.
*
Combination therapy of antibacterial agent with ciprofloxacin.