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. 2022 Dec 1;12:1033698. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1033698

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Copyright © 2022 Morais, Santos, Costa, Martins, Leitão, de Melo Pacífico, Quesada-Gómez, Castelo Branco, Ferreira and Brito

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Average biofilm formation of different Clostridium difficile strains. Biofilm formation by strain ATCC 700057, ICC-45, and epidemic strains LIBA 5756, R20291, was measured by crystal violet staining. The biofilm formation was measured after 24h, 48h, 72h and 120 h of incubation. Error bars show standard deviations of three independent experiments, and the * represents significant differences among strains and sterility control (SC), # represents significant differences among strains. (P < 0.05). (One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test).