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. 2022 Dec 1;12:1033698. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1033698

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Copyright © 2022 Morais, Santos, Costa, Martins, Leitão, de Melo Pacífico, Quesada-Gómez, Castelo Branco, Ferreira and Brito

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of toxin A production in 72h biofilms formed by Clostridioides difficile. Biofilm’s TcdA production by strain ICC-45, epidemic strains LIBA 5756, R20291 and ATCC 700057 (a non-toxigenic strain) was analyzed by immunostaining with anti-C. difficile toxin A antibody. (A) Representative CLSM images of TcdA production by C. difficile biofilms (B) Mean fluorescence relative units of TcdA production by C. difficile biofilms. * represents significant differences among strains (P < 0.05). Scale 10 µm. (Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test).