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. 2022 Dec 22;13:955476. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955476

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Copyright © 2022 Pal, Sharma, Mathew and Jaganathan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Alterations in glucose metabolism during cancer progression. Cancer cells utilize glucose as a primary energy source. GLUT overexpression helps the cells to uptake more glucose from the microenvironment, which is converted to lactate-by-lactate dehydrogenase. Lactate produced by the cells is secreted into the microenvironment via the upregulation of MCT1. PPP is also upregulated in cancer cells to produce NADPH and pentose phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis (18, 96, 97). [GLUT, Glucose transporter; IDH, Isocitrate dehydrogenase; MCT, Monocarboxylate transporter; OXPHOS, Oxidative phosphorylation].