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. 2022 Dec 22;13:955476. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955476

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Cancer microenvironment in metabolic reprogramming. Several cell types such as macrophages, neutrophils, MDSCs, Treg, DC, T-cell, NK-cell, adipocytes, and CAFs present in the tumor microenvironment alter the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Immune cells present in the TME have both pro and anti-tumor effects; however, the cancer cells induce the pro-tumorigenic phenotype (M2-TAM and M2-TAN). Cancer cells induce CAFs to secrete lactate in the TME leading to an acidic environment that suppresses the immune cells (242, 250, 252, 291–301). [MCT1: Monocarboxylate transporter 1, MCT4, Monocarboxylate transporter 4; CAF, Cancer-associated fibroblast; M2-TAM, M2 Type Tumor-associated macrophages; NK cell, Natural killer cell; MCP1/CCL2, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; IDO, Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase; MDSC, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg, T regulatory cells; IGF, Insulin-like Growth Factor; EGF, Epidermal growth factor; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; IL-Interleukin, PGE2-Prostaglandin E2; TGF-β, Transforming growth factor beta, MMP: Matrix metalloproteases, CRC, Colorectal cancer; GC, Gastric cancer].