Table 1.
Characteristics of cohort studies in the meta-analysis.
| Author | Year | Country | Follow-upyears | Sample | Age range (or mean age) | Insomnia assessment | Insomnia type | Hypertension assessment | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suka et al. [26] | 2003 | Japan | 4 | 9237 | 40–55 y | Sleep questionnaire | DIS, DMS | (1) SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Antihypertensive treatment | NOS rating: 6 | ||||||||
| Phillips and Mannino [27] | 2007 | USA | 6 | 8,757 | 45–69 y | Sleep questionnaire | DFA, SCD, NRS | (1) SBP ≥ 160 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 95 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Antihypertensive treatment | NOS rating: 8 | ||||||||
| Phillips et al. [28] | 2009 | USA | 6 | 1,419 | 64–91 y | Sleep questionnaire | D4FA, EMA, SCD | (1) SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Antihypertensive treatment (3) Self-reported hypertension | NOS rating: 7 | ||||||||
| Knutson et al. [29] | 2009 | USA | 5 | 535 | 35–45 y | Sleep questionnaire | DMS | (1) SBP≥140 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Antihypertensive treatment | NOS rating: 6 | ||||||||
| Gangwisch et al. [30] | 2010 | USA | 10 | 4,913 | 32–86 y | Sleep questionnaire | DIS, DMS, EMA | (1) SBP≥140 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Self-reported hypertension (3) Physician or hospital diagnosis | NOS rating: 7 | ||||||||
| Troxel et al. [31] | 2010 | USA | 3 | 812 | 45–74 y | Sleep questionnaire | DIS, NRS | (1) SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 85 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Antihypertensive treatment | NOS rating: 6 | ||||||||
| Rod et al. [23] | 2011 | France | 20 | 16,989 | 36–52 y | Sleep questionnaire | DFA, DMS, EMA | (1) Self-reported hypertension | Baseline insomnia |
| NOS rating: 6 | |||||||||
| Fernandez-Mendoza et al. [30] | 2012 | USA | 7.5 | 786 | M = 47.5 y | Sleep questionnaire | DFA, DMS, EMA, NRS, chronic insomnia | (1) SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Self-reported hypertension (3) Antihypertensive treatment | NOS rating: 7 | ||||||||
| Pedraza et al. [31] | 2012 | USA | 3 | 1,085 | ≥75 y | Sleep questionnaire | DIS, DMS, NRS | (1) SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Baseline HTN |
| (2) Self-reported hypertension (3) Physician or hospital diagnosis |
NOS rating: 6 | ||||||||
| Singareddy et al. [32] | 2012 | USA | 7.5 | 1,246 | ≥20 y | Sleep questionnaire | DFA, DMS, EMA, NRS | (1) Antihypertensive treatment | Baseline HTN |
| (2) Self-reported hypertension | NOS rating: 6 | ||||||||
| Zhang et al. [19] | 2012 | China | 5.2 | 2,316 | M = 47.5 y | DSM-IV, ICSD-1, ICD-10 | DIS, DMS, EMA | (1) Self-reported hypertension | Baseline insomnia |
| NOS rating: 8 | |||||||||
| Jaussent et al. [33] | 2013 | France | 6 | 5,494 | 65–94 y | Sleep questionnaire | Eds, DIS, DMS, EMA | (1) SBP≥160 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 95 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Antihypertensive treatment | NOS rating: 6 | ||||||||
| Haaramo et al. [34] | 2014 | Finland | 5 | 6,477 | 40–60 y | Sleep questionnaire | DFA, DMS | (1) Antihypertensive treatment | Baseline insomnia |
| NOS rating: 7 | |||||||||
| Sivertsen et al. [35] | 2014 | Norway | 11 | 24,715 | 20–89 y | DSM-IV | DMS, DIS, NRS | (1) Self-reported hypertension | Baseline insomnia |
| NOS rating: 8 | |||||||||
| Jackowska and Steptoe [36] | 2015 | UK | 4 | 3,937 | ≥50 y | Sleep questionnaire | DFA, DMS, EMA | (1) SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Antihypertensive treatment | NOS rating: 6 | ||||||||
| Cheng et al. [12] | 2015 | USA | 1 | 967 | M = 43.1 y | Sleep questionnaire | DFA, DMS | (1) Self-reported hypertension | Baseline insomnia |
| NOS rating: 6 | |||||||||
| Clark et al. [37] | 2016 | Finland | 1 | 70,049 | 18–69 y | DSM-IV | DFA, DMS, EMA, NRS | (1) Antihypertensive treatment | Baseline insomnia |
| NOS rating: 8 | |||||||||
| Leigh et al. [38] | 2016 | Australia | 15 | 10,721 | 70–75 y | Sleep questionnaire | EMA, DIS | (1) Self-reported hypertension | Baseline HTN |
| NOS rating: 6 | |||||||||
| Lin et al. [24] | 2016 | Taiwan | 5 | 44,559 | >20 y | 1.ICD-9 | DFA, DMS, EMA | (1) ICD-9 | Baseline insomnia |
| NOS rating: 7 | |||||||||
| Dong and Yang [38] | 2019 | USA | 8 | 18,123 | ≥50 y | Sleep questionnaire | DFA, DMS, EMA, NRS | (1) SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Baseline insomnia |
| (2) Antihypertensive treatment | NOS rating: 6 | ||||||||
| Garbarino and Magnavita [39] | 2019 | Italy | 5 | 234 | M = 36 y | Sleep questionnaire | DIS, EMA, NRS | (1) SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 85 mmHg | Baseline insomnia NOS rating: 5 |
| Rahim et al. [40] | 2020 | Canada | 12 | 2,079 | 35–69 y | Sleep questionnaire | DIS, DMS, NRS | (1) ICD-9, ICD-10 | Baseline insomnia NOS rating: 6 |
| Li et al. [41] | 2020 | USA | 6 | 6,965 | 18–74 y | Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale (WHIIRS) | NA | (1) SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and (or) DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Baseline insomnia NOS rating: 7 |
| (2) Antihypertensive treatment |
DBP = diastolic blood pressure; DFA, difficulty falling asleep; DIS, difficulty initiating sleep; DMS, difficulty maintaining sleep; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; EMA, early morning awakening; HTN = hypertension; ICSD, International Classification of Sleep Disorders; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; NA = not available; NOS = Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; NRS, non-restorative sleep; SBP = systolic blood pressure.