Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies in the present meta-analysis
| Study | Country | Design | Sample | Diagnose method | Child age (mean or range based on year or month) | Estimate | Adjustment | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schultz et al., [8] 2006 | USA | Case-control | 984 | Self-report | 2–18 Year | OR | Adjust | High |
| Nofal et al., [16] 2020 | Egypt | Case-control | 144 | DSM | 2–16 Year | OR | Crude | High |
| Yousef et al., [18] 2021 | Egypt | Cross-sectional | 104 | DSM-IV/CARS | 2–5 Year | OR | Crude | Low |
| Tawfeeq et al., [6] 2016 | Iraq | Case-control | 200 | Not reported | 3–15 Year | OR | Crude | Low |
| Soke et al., [17] 2019 | USA | Cross-sectional | 1,549 | DSM-IV-TR | 30–68 Months | OR | Adjust | High |
| Grossi et al., [7] 2016 | Italy | Case-control | 113 | DSM-IV | 12.88 Year in case | OR | Crude | High |
| 9.13 Year in control | ||||||||
| Say et al., [9] 2016 | Turkey | Case-control | 176 | DSM-IV | 3–18 Year | OR | Crude | High |
DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; CARS, Childhood Autism Rating Scale; DSM-IV-TR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text-Revised; OR, odds ratio.