Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression estimates of fall, fall-injury and multiple falls by socioeconomic and health characteristics among older adults.
| Variables | Fall | Fall-injury | Multiple falls |
|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Sleep problems | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.43*** (1.30–1.58) | 1.50*** (1.30–1.73) | 1.41*** (1.24–1.62) |
| Pain | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.80*** (1.67–1.95) | 1.66*** (1.48–1.87) | 1.90*** (1.69–2.12) |
| Age (in years) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 1.31*** (1.18–1.44) | 1.26** (1.09–1.46) | 1.45*** (1.26–1.67) |
| Marital status | |||
| Currently in union | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Widowed | 0.85 (0.57–1.26) | 0.69 (0.41–1.15) | 0.80 (0.47–1.37) |
| Others | 0.71 (0.45–1.13) | 0.62 (0.33–1.16) | 0.51* (0.26–1.00) |
| Living arrangement | |||
| Alone | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| With spouse | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) | 0.62 (0.35–1.08) | 0.68 (0.38–1.21) |
| With spouse and children | 0.83 (0.55–1.26) | 0.68 (0.39–1.17) | 0.75 (0.43–1.33) |
| Others | 1.08 (0.91–1.28) | 1.15 (0.89–1.49) | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) |
| Education (in years) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) |
| Work status | |||
| Never worked | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Not working | 1.30*** (1.17–1.45) | 1.28** (1.09–1.50) | 1.35*** (1.17–1.56) |
| Working | 1.43*** (1.27–1.61) | 1.46*** (1.22–1.74) | 1.46*** (1.23–1.73) |
| Retired | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) |
| Self-rated health | |||
| Good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Poor | 1.26*** (1.15–1.38) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 1.49*** (1.32–1.68) |
| ADL difficulty | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.18** (1.07–1.30) | 1.18* (1.03–1.37) | 1.27*** (1.11–1.45) |
| IADL difficulty | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.16*** (1.07–1.27) | 1.21** (1.06–1.37) | 1.14* (1.00–1.28) |
| MPCE quintile | |||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Poorer | 1.20** (1.07–1.35) | 1.25* (1.04–1.50) | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) |
| Middle | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 1.27* (1.05–1.52) | 1.10 (0.93–1.31) |
| Richer | 1.30*** (1.15–1.47) | 1.53*** (1.27–1.84) | 1.25* (1.05–1.49) |
| Richest | 1.29*** (1.13–1.46) | 1.67*** (1.37–2.02) | 1.22* (1.02–1.46) |
| Religion | |||
| Hindu | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Muslim | 0.84** (0.74–0.96) | 0.92 (0.76–1.10) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) |
| Others | 1.18** (1.04–1.34) | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) | 1.47*** (1.24–1.74) |
| Caste | |||
| SC/ST | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| OBC | 1.19*** (1.07–1.31) | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 1.31*** (1.14–1.51) |
| Others | 1.16** (1.04–1.30) | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | 1.22* (1.04–1.42) |
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Rural | 1.22*** (1.11–1.33) | 1.13 (0.99–1.30) | 1.28*** (1.12–1.46) |
| Region | |||
| North | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Central | 1.24** (1.08–1.42) | 1.26* (1.03–1.55) | 1.39*** (1.15–1.69) |
| East | 1.55*** (1.37–1.75) | 1.64*** (1.37–1.97) | 1.42*** (1.18–1.70) |
| Northeast | 0.64*** (0.54–0.75) | 0.61*** (0.46–0.79) | 0.66*** (0.52–0.85) |
| West | 0.82** (0.72–0.93) | 0.69*** (0.56–0.84) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) |
| South | 1.37*** (1.20–1.57) | 1.55*** (1.29–1.88) | 1.28* (1.05–1.55) |
Notes: *if p-value < 0.05, ** if p-value < 0.005, *** if p-value < 0.001; aOR: adjusted Odds Ratio; ADL: Activities of daily living; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living; MPCE: Monthly per capita consumption expenditure.