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. 2023 Jan 5;13:236. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-27353-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of early and late Kefir treatment on hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis using HE and Masson’s trichrome staining (Magnifications: × 100). (A) Control group showed no pathological changes, (B) NASH (9 weeks) group developed mainly micro vesicular steatosis, mild hepatic lobular inflammation and mild fibrous septa(star) (C) NASH (12 weeks) group showed diffuse and extensive micro and macro-vesicular steatosis, severe lobular inflammation, focal necrosis, hepatocellular ballooning, marked expansion of facultative hepatic progenitor cells (arrows), dense fibrous septa and collagen fibers (star) (D) Early Kefir and (E) Late Kefir groups showed a lower degree of steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, where Early Kefir showed more remarkable histological improvements.