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Intranasal, but not oral, immunization induces antigen-specific IgA production in the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. Mice were either intranasally or orally immunized on days 0 and 7 with inactivated influenza virus vaccine plus 0.1 μg of CT. Sera (A), fecal samples (B), and urogenital washes (C) were collected 14 days after primary immunization. The results are from three experiments. A single asterisk denotes statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) from the value for the control.
