Table 1.
Variables used in the multiple regression analysis with their definitions
| Variables | Codes |
|---|---|
| Medications of main interest | ATC codes starting with: |
| Omeprazole | A02BC01 |
| Esomeprazole | A02BC05, A02BD06, M01AE52 |
| Other PPIs | |
| Pantoprazole | A02BC02 |
| Lansoprazole | A02BC03 |
| Rabeprazole | A02BC04 |
| Anticonvulsants | |
| Carbamazepine | N03AF01 |
| Oxcarbazepine | N03AF02 |
| Phenytoin | N03AB02 |
| Valproate | N03AG01 |
| Lamotrigine | N03AX09 |
| Levetiracetam | N03AX14 |
| Gabapentin | N03AX12 |
| Diuretics and medications acting on the renin–angiotensin pathway | |
| Furosemide | C03C |
| Thiazides | C03A, C09BA, C09DA, C03EA |
| Agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system | C09 |
| Antibiotics | |
| Fluoroquinolones | J01MA |
| Macrolides | J01FA |
| Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole | J01EE |
| Antidepressants | |
| Serotonin reuptake inhibitors | N06AB |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | N06AA |
| Other antidepressants | N06AX |
| Other medications | |
| Amiodarone | C01BD01 |
| Desmopression | H01BA02 |
| Antipsychotics | N05A excluding N05AN |
| Lithium | N05AN |
| Comorbidities | ICD10 codes starting with: |
| Renal diseases | |
| Renal insufficiency | N17-19, procedure codes DR016, DR024, KAS00, KAS10, KAS20 |
| Infections | |
| Sepsis | A41 ≤ 90 days from index date, R65 |
| Pneumonia and empyema | J18 ≤ 90 days from index date, J86 |
| Meningitis, encephalitis and cerebral abscess | G00–G07 ≤ 90 days from index date |
| Heart and vascular diseases | |
| Ischemic heart disease, recent | I20–24 ≤ 90 days from index date |
| Ischemic heart disease, old | I20–24 > 90 days from index date, I25 |
| Congestive heart failure | I50 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases, recent | I60–64 ≤ 90 days from index date |
| Cerebrovascular diseases, old | I60–64 > 90 days from index date, I69 |
| Gastrointestinal diseases | |
| Pancreatic disease | K85, K860-1 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | K50–51 |
| Liver diseases | K70–77 procedure codes JJB, JJC |
| Other diseases | |
| Hypothyroidism | E03, E06.3 |
| Malnutrition | E43.9, E41.9 |
| COPD | J44 |
| Pulmonary embolism | I26 |
| Malignancy | C |
| Alcoholism |
ATC: N07BB03, N07BB04, N07BB01, N07BB05, N07BB ICD10: E244, F10, G312, G621, G721, I426, K292, K70, K860, O354, P043, Q860, T51, Y90–91, Z502, Z714 |
| Polydipsia | R63.1 |
| Adrenal insufficiency |
ATC: H02AA, H01BA ICD10: E27.1, E27.2, E27.3, E27.4, E25 |
| Diabetes mellitus |
ATC: A10 ICD10: E10–E14 |
| Socioeconomic factors/frailty | |
| Education | Increasing levels of education from 1 to 6, ordinal variable |
| Income | Annual income in SEK, continuous variable |
| Unemployment | Number of years, continuous variable |
| Drug usage | Number of dispensed drugs 90 days prior to index date, categorized into < 4, 4–7, 8–12, and > 12 drugs |
| Earlier periods of hospitalization | ≥ 3 days |
ATC anatomical therapeutic chemical, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ICD international classification of diseases, PPI proton pump inhibitors