Table 2.
Relationship between R1, BPND, and cognition in composite region of interest
| Concurrent | Longitudinal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
| R1 | BPND | R1 | BPND | R1 × time | BPND × time | R1 × time | BPND × time | |
| VAT-A | − 0.09 (0.05) | − 0.07 (0.05) | − 0.09 (0.05) | − 0.07 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.02 (0.01) |
| RAVLT immediate | 0.04 (0.59) | − 0.77 (0.58) | 0.05 (0.59) | − 0.79 (0.59) | 0.27 (0.13) | − 0.70 (0.12)* | 0.29 (0.11)*† | − 0.70 (0.12)*† |
| RAVLT delayed | 0.01 (0.20) | − 0.41 (0.20) | − 0.0001 (0.20) | − 0.40 (0.20) | 0.09 (0.04) | − 0.24 (0.04)* | 0.08 (0.03) | − 0.23 (0.04)* |
| Animal fluency | 0.01 (0.36) | − 0.41 (0.36) | 0.04 (0.36) | − 0.41 (0.36) | 0.04 (0.05) | − 0.22 (0.06)* | 0.04 (0.05) | − 0.22 (0.06)* |
| TMT-A | 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.003) | − 0.01 (0.003) | 0.01 (0.003) | − 0.01 (0.003) |
| TMT-B | 0.001 (0.02) | − 0.03 (0.02) | 0.002 (0.02) | − 0.03 (0.02) | 0.003 (0.003) | − 0.01 (0.003) | 0.003 (0.003) | − 0.01 (0.003) |
| Stroop I | 0.0001 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | 0.001 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | 0.002 (0.001) | − 0.004 (0.002)* | 0.002 (0.001) | − 0.004 (0.002)* |
| Stroop II | 0.0004 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | 0.0003 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | 0.002 (0.002) | − 0.01 (0.002)* | 0.002 (0.002) | − 0.01 (0.002)* |
| Stroop III | − 0.004 (0.01) | − 0.002 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.002 (0.02) | − 0.001 (0.003) | − 0.01 (0.003)* | − 0.002 (0.003) | − 0.01 (0.003)* |
| MMSE | − 0.08 (0.07) | − 0.21 (0.07) | − 0.08 (0.07) | − 0.21 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.02) | − 0.05 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.02) | − 0.05 (0.02) |
Values given are beta (SE) obtained via linear mixed models. Outcome: cognitive test performance. Predictors: Model 1: R1, time, R1 × time; Model 2: BPND, time, BPND × time; Model 3: R1, BPND, time, R1 × time, BPND × time. For all neuropsychological tests as outcome, we tested whether the interaction term R1 × BPND × time was significant. When this was the case, we show the betas of R1 × time and BPND × time of the model that included this three-way interaction term. All models were corrected for age, sex, education, and PET and MRI scanner type. Betas reflect the association with annual decline (interaction between predictor and time). Models included a random intercept, and a random slope was added for RAVLT immediate, RAVLT delayed, Stroop II, Stroop III, and MMSE. TMT and Stroop were log transformed and inverted. R1 and BPND are z-transformed
Bold p value < 0.05; *FDR corrected p value < 0.05
†interaction term R1 × BPND × time p value < 0.05
SE standard error, VAT Visual Association Test, RAVLT Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task, TMT Trail Making Test, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination