Fig. 4.

Classification of neoantigen-based therapies. Immunotherapies that target neoantigens mainly include ACTs, bispecific antibodies and cancer vaccines. Cancer vaccines stimulate a specific immune response to tumor neoantigens using nucleic acids, peptides and DCs. The ACT utilizes the neoantigen-specific TCR or CAR engineered T cells to selectively recognize and kill tumor cells. The bispecific antibodies have one arm that targets neoantigens presented by tumor cells and one arm that targets CD3 on the surface of T cells