TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics of children and their parents (n = 1,118).
| Variable | n (%), mean ± SD |
| Relationship with children | |
| Father | 246 (22%) |
| Mother | 850 (76%) |
| Grandparents | 22 (2%) |
| Father’s age, years | 38.6 ± 4.3 |
| Mother’s age, years | 36.8 ± 4.0 |
| Time spent with the child each week (hours) | |
| <14 | 234 (21%) |
| 14–36 | 279 (25%) |
| >36 | 605 (54%) |
| Educational level of parents | |
| Secondary or below | 262 (24%) |
| Junior college | 409 (36%) |
| Bachelor’s degree or above | 447 (40%) |
| Household per capita monthly income level (¥) | |
| <5,000 | 485 (43%) |
| 5,000–8,000 | 357 (32%) |
| >8,000 | 276 (25%) |
| Child’s sex | |
| Boy | 602 (54%) |
| Girl | 516 (46%) |
| The child’s age, years | 8.5 ± 1.8 |
| Grade level | |
| Grade 1 | 214 (19%) |
| Grade 2 | 226 (20%) |
| Grade 3 | 194 (17%) |
| Grade 4 | 207 (19%) |
| Grade 5 | 143 (13%) |
| Grade 6 | 134 (12%) |