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. 2022 Dec 23;16:979652. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2022.979652

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Copyright © 2022 Yates, Case, Sun, Sullivan, Baas and Qiang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Generation of Gulf War (GW) veteran-derived forebrain cerebral organoids. (A) Schematic of the procedure used to generate forebrain cerebral organoids [Dorsomorphin (DM), SB-4321542 (SB), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), Neurobasal Differentiation Media (NBM)]. (B–D). Immunofluorescence images of forebrain cerebral organoids stained for the proliferative markers Sox2 and Ki67, neuronal markers tau and NeuN, the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and 4, 6-diamino-2-phenylindol (DAPI) nuclei. (E, F). Images stained for the cortical layer markers SATB2, Tbr1, tau, and DAPI. (G) Image shows astrocyte GFAP staining. Scale bars (B–G), 50 μm.