Table 2.
Reliability and convergent validity
| Construct | Items | Mean | SD | Loading | Cronbach’s Alpha (α) | CR | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utilitarian motivation | UM_1 | 3.812 | 0.878 | 0.789 | 0.831 | 0.832 | 0.622 |
| UM_2 | 3.968 | 0.853 | 0.802 | ||||
| UM_3 | 3.886 | 0.905 | 0.775 | ||||
| Hedonic motivation | HM_1 | 3.536 | 1.103 | 0.746 | 0.891 | 0.892 | 0.623 |
| HM_2 | 3.371 | 1.209 | 0.830 | ||||
| HM_3 | 3.316 | 1.256 | 0.793 | ||||
| HM_4 | 3.324 | 1.195 | 0.761 | ||||
| HM_5 | 3.302 | 1.248 | 0.815 | ||||
| Social presence | SP_1 | 3.308 | 1.154 | 0.837 | 0.917 | 0.912 | 0.723 |
| SP_2 | 3.271 | 1.227 | 0.847 | ||||
| SP_3 | 3.382 | 1.159 | 0.817 | ||||
| SP_4 | 3.178 | 1.310 | 0.898 | ||||
| Fear of COVID-19 | FC_1 | 4.255 | 1.849 | 0.844 | 0.945 | 0.946 | 0.745 |
| FC_2 | 4.355 | 1.819 | 0.914 | ||||
| FC_3 | 4.408 | 1.915 | 0.915 | ||||
| FC_4 | 4.427 | 1.902 | 0.907 | ||||
| FC_5 | 4.430 | 1.860 | 0.825 | ||||
| FC_6 | 3.668 | 2.119 | 0.763 | ||||
| Intention to use a chatbot service | IU_1 | 3.650 | 1.041 | 0.856 | 0.864 | 0.866 | 0.684 |
| IU_2 | 3.599 | 1.017 | 0.846 | ||||
| IU_3 | 3.655 | 1.048 | 0.776 |
SD = standard deviation, CR = composite reliability, AVE = average variance extracted