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. 2023 Jan 6:1–41. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10660-022-09662-5

Table 2.

Reliability and convergent validity

Construct Items Mean SD Loading Cronbach’s Alpha (α) CR AVE
Utilitarian motivation UM_1 3.812 0.878 0.789 0.831 0.832 0.622
UM_2 3.968 0.853 0.802
UM_3 3.886 0.905 0.775
Hedonic motivation HM_1 3.536 1.103 0.746 0.891 0.892 0.623
HM_2 3.371 1.209 0.830
HM_3 3.316 1.256 0.793
HM_4 3.324 1.195 0.761
HM_5 3.302 1.248 0.815
Social presence SP_1 3.308 1.154 0.837 0.917 0.912 0.723
SP_2 3.271 1.227 0.847
SP_3 3.382 1.159 0.817
SP_4 3.178 1.310 0.898
Fear of COVID-19 FC_1 4.255 1.849 0.844 0.945 0.946 0.745
FC_2 4.355 1.819 0.914
FC_3 4.408 1.915 0.915
FC_4 4.427 1.902 0.907
FC_5 4.430 1.860 0.825
FC_6 3.668 2.119 0.763
Intention to use a chatbot service IU_1 3.650 1.041 0.856 0.864 0.866 0.684
IU_2 3.599 1.017 0.846
IU_3 3.655 1.048 0.776

SD = standard deviation, CR = composite reliability, AVE = average variance extracted