TABLE 2.

HA-derived nanofibers and their tissue engineering applications.

Nanofiber’s material	Potential application	Results	References
HA-SF nanofiber scaffolds	Urethral regeneration	In-vivo administration show enhanced adhesion, proliferation, and growth of primary urothelial cells and increased expression of uroplakin-3. Thus, promoting luminal epithelialization and rapid reconstruction of the urothelial barrier in the wounded area	Niu et al. (2021b)
Aligned HA/PRP-PCL CSNFMs	Tendon tissue engineering	In vitro evaluations demonstrated enhanced cell proliferation, upregulated gene expression and marker protein synthesis, reduced tendon maturation time, and maintenance of tenogenic phenotype in contrast with static culture	(Chen et al. (2021a))
HA-PLA/AgNPs CSNFMs	Prevention of post-operative tendon adhesion	The in-vitro evaluation revealed that CSNFM possesses low cytotoxicity, significant antibacterial activity, prevents fibroblast penetration, and shows the highest efficacy in reducing fibroblast adhesion. While in-vivo analysis revealed anti-inflammatory potential and prevention from peritendinous adhesion	Chen et al. (2021b)
oHAs- modified collagen nanofibers	Vascular tissue engineering	oHAs-modified collagen nanofibers increase endothelial cell proliferation with no detectible coagulation and hemolysis which makes them a potential candidate for vascular tissue engineering	Kang et al. (2019)
Core-shell PLLA/HA nanofibers	Pelvic ligament tissue engineering	In-vitro evaluation of Core-shell PLLA/HA nanofibers on mBMSCs revealed no cytotoxic effects and enhanced cellular activity that is further confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis of Col1a1, Col1a3, and Tnc (pelvic ligament related gene markers)	Zhang et al. (2021)
Collagen/HA nanofibers	Vascular tissue engineering	Displayed potential for complete endothelialization of PAECs and structural remodeling of SMCs, with no detectable coagulation and hemolysis suggesting their potential as an engineered vascular tissue implant	Niu et al. (2021c)
HA/Carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanofibers	Neural engineering	Electrical stimulation via HA/CNT nanofibers effectively enhanced sustained neuron growth as confirmed via neuron number and neurite length after 72 h by applying 20 Hz biphasic AC waveform just for 1 hour	Elisabeth et al. (2019)
Col/oHAs-based nanofibers	Bone tissue engineering	Invitro culturing of PIEC and infiltration of MC3T3-E1 in hybrid nanofiber network significantly enhance cell adhesion, proliferation, and upregulated expression of OCN and ALP directing towards osteogenic differentiation	Li et al. (2019)
HepMAHA nanofibers	Sequestering GFs release in spinal cord injury	HepMAHA nanofibers loading into L929 fibroblasts in growth media significantly increase proliferation (α < 0.05) after 24 h. Moreover, the longest dissociated chick dorsal root ganglia neurite was reported in SEM.	Mays et al. (2020)
PCL/HA-based nanofiber scaffolds containing L-Ascorbic acid	Skin tissue engineering	Results demonstrated that nanofiber scaffolds increased the cell growth, proliferation, and adhesion of L929 fibroblast cells. Thus, PCL/HA nanofiber scaffolds containing 40 mg of AA could be applied for skin tissue engineering	Janmohammadi et al. (2021)

HA-SF, hyaluronic acid coated silk fibroin; HA/PRP-PCL, hyaluronic acid/platelet-rich plasma-polycaprolactone; CSNFMs, core-sheath nanofiber membranes; HA-PLA/AgNPs, hyaluronic acid-polylactic acid/silver nanoparticles; oHAs, hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides; PLLA/HA, poly (l-lactic acid)-hyaluronic acid; mBMSCs, mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; Col/oHAs, collagen modified with hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides; PIEC- artery endothelial cells; PAECs, mouse primary aortic endothelial cells; SMC, smooth muscle cells; MC3T3-E1, mouse parietal bone cell; OCN, osteocalcin; ALP-alkaline phosphatase; SFM-serum-free media; HepMAHA, heparin methacrylate hyaluronic acid; PCL, polycaprolactone; L-AA- L, ascorbic acid.