Fig. 2.

AFM indentation of GUVs. (A) Schematic representation of AFM indentation of a GUV. Laser light reflecting from tip of the cantilever is used to measure deflection, θ, of cantilever in response to GUV indentation. (B) Actin cortex encapsulating GUVs immobilized via biotin-avidin linkage subjected to AFM indentation using a conical tip to measure compressibility modulus and pre-stress membrane tension. (C) Compression of actin cortex encapsulating GUVs using tip-less cantilever. Similar to (B), parallel plate compression using AFM is used to extract physical properties of actin cortex GUVs including compressibility modulus and membrane tension. Panels B and C are adapted from [88] and [55], respectively.