Table 2.

Methods of GUV perturbations and some of the measured mechanical properties.

Method	Measured mechanical property
Micropipette aspiration	Area expansion modulus (Ref. [65]) Bending rigidity (Ref. [4], [62]) Membrane tension (Ref. [5])
Atomic force microscopy	Area compressibility modulus (Ref. [88]) Bending rigidity (Ref. [6])
Acoustic manipulation	Deformability (Ref. [106]) Membrane Young’s modulus (Ref. [106])
Optical stretching	Viscoelasticity (Ref. [122]) Bending rigidity (Ref. [120], [121]) Membrane tension (Ref. [120])
Electrical perturbation	Deformability (Ref. [144]) Viscoelasticity (Ref. [148]) Membrane bending rigidity (Ref. [47])
Microfluidic devices	Deformability (Ref. [22], [163]) Stretching modulus (Ref. [164])