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. 2022 Dec 22;16:1079498. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1079498

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, He, Zhong, Huang, Gong, Hu, Qian and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Single-cell transcriptomes of the human retina suggest the heterogeneity of Müller cells. (A) A total of nine neuronal and glial clusters in the human retina were identified and visualized by t-distributed Stochastic Neighbourhood Embedding (tSNE) dimensionality reduction. (B) The expressions of key marker genes help determine the cellular identification of each cluster. (C) The abundance of each cluster in samples from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or healthy donors is different. (D) Müller cells are further divided into five subpopulations by unsupervised clustering. (E) The distinct glial cells residing in retinas have different expression profiles of mitochondrial encoded genes. The Müller-4 subcluster is marked as low expression of mtDNA (mtLE) cells. (F) The abundance of mtLE Müller cells is reduced in the AMD retina.