Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies that examined the relationship between dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy in children of 2–5 years old
| First author (Year) | Country/study design | Sample size/age of infants | Method and duration of food intake assessment | No. of food groups considered/classification of DD | No. and type of micronutrients considered | DD criteria, MAR criteria | Adjusted covariates | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenault [28] | Bangladesh/cross-sectional | 480/24–48 months | 12-h weighed food records and 12-h recall/2 d | 9/2 different DDS based on minimum amount of foods consumed | 11/Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, calcium, and zinc | –/WHO | Age, breast-feeding, stunted, wasted, season, and housing quality | MPA was positively associated with both DDS (p < 0.0001) |
| Diop [29] | Burkina Faso/cross-sectional | 1066/24–59 months | 24-h recall/24 h | 11 and 7/MDD: ≥ 4 food groups | 11/vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, calcium, zinc, and iron | FAO and WHO/WHO | Energy intake | Both FGS-10 and FGS-7 had a positive linear association with MPAs (p < 0.001) |
| Kennedy [30] | Philippine/cross-sectional | 3164/24–71 months | 24-h recall/24 h | 9/DDS: ranged 0–9 | 11/Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, calcium, and zinc | –/WHO | Child age, sex, weight, and height, and energy intake | DDS was significant predictors of adequate micronutrient intake (p < 0.001) |
| Torrico [31] | Philippines/cross-sectional | 1262/3–5 years | 24-h recall/24 h | 10/- | 6/Iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin | FAO/PDRI 2015 | – | There was significant positive correlation between MAR and DDS (r = 0.29; p < 0.0001) |
| Zhao [32] | China/cross-sectional | 1694/3–6 years | 24-h dietary record/24 h | 10/DDS ranged 0 to 9. Consuming at least 10 g from a unique food group except for the group of oils and fats | 11/Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, calcium, and zinc | FAO/FAO | Energy intake | DDS was positively correlated with indicators of micronutrient adequacy (p < 0.05) |
DD dietary diversity, DDS dietary diversity score, FAO Food and Agriculture Organization, FGS food group score, FVS food variety score, MAR mean adequacy ratio, MPA mean probability of adequacy, NAR nutrient adequacy ratio, PDRI 2015 Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes 2015, WHO World Health Organization