Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of analytic sample by stages of diabetes—CARDIA cohort: Year 30 Exam
| Overall (n = 605) n(%)/M(SD) |
Stages of diabetes (n = 605) | pg | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Pre-diabetes | Diabetes without treatment | Diabetes with treatment | |||
| (n = 417, 68.9%) | (n = 101, 16.7%) | (n = 31, 5.1%) | (n = 56, 9.3%) | |||
| n (%)/M(SD) | n(%)/M(SD) | n(%)/M(SD) | n(%)/M(SD) | |||
| 1. Diabetes-related variables | ||||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)a | 100.2 (24.8) | 91.9 (7.7) | 107.5 (6.1) | 130.5 (47.1) | 131.7 (53.5) | < 0.01 |
| HOMA-insulin resistancea,b | 2.9 (2.3) | 2.2 (1.5) | 3.8 (2.4) | 5.0 (2.9) | 5.4 (3.8) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes duration, median (IQR)c | 5 (5–10) | N/A | N/A | 5 (5–10) | 10 (5–10) | N/A |
| Metformin use (%) | 43 (7.1) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 43 (76.8) | N/A |
| 2. Socio-demographics | ||||||
| Agea | 55.2 (3.5) | 55.1 (3.4) | 55.4 (3.5) | 54.9 (4.4) | 55.8 (3.6) | 0.32 |
| Male (%) | 272 (45.0) | 168 (40.3) | 63 (62.4) | 18 (58.1) | 23 (41.1) | 0.30 |
| Black race (%) | 275 (45.5) | 167 (40.0) | 50 (49.5) | 16 (51.6) | 42 (75.0) | < 0.01 |
| Highest education (%) | 0.36 | |||||
| High school or less | 206 (34.1) | 132 (31.7) | 39 (38.6) | 14 (45.2) | 21 (37.5) | |
| College | 261 (43.1) | 181 (43.4) | 40 (39.6) | 14 (45.2) | 26 (46.4) | |
| Graduate school | 138 (22.8) | 104 (24.9) | 22 (21.8) | 3 (9.6) | 9 (16.1) | |
| Field center (%) | 0.72 | |||||
| Birmingham, AL | 98 (16.2) | 69 (16.5) | 17 (16.8) | 4 (12.9) | 8 (14.3) | |
| Chicago, IL | 295 (48.8) | 194 (46.5) | 51 (50.5) | 16 (51.6) | 34 (60.7) | |
| Minneapolis, MN | 110 (18.2) | 77 (18.5) | 18 (17.8) | 6 (19.4) | 9 (16.1) | |
| Oakland, CA | 102 (16.8) | 77 (18.5) | 15 (14.9) | 5 (16.1) | 5 (8.9) | |
| 3. Clinical measuresa | ||||||
| BMI | 29.4 (6.2) | 28.1 (5.8) | 31.6 (6.0) | 31.9 (3.6) | 33.4 (7.3) | < 0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.3 (16.1) | 117.2 (15.7) | 124.1 (14.5) | 124.8 (16.4) | 123.5 (18.5) | < 0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.9 (11.0) | 71.5 (11.0) | 76.8 (9.6) | 77.3 (10.9) | 74.2 (11.2) | < 0.01 |
| 4. Health behavior | ||||||
| Current smoker (%) | 81 (13.4) | 42 (10.1) | 18 (17.8) | 12 (38.7) | 9 (16.1) | < 0.01 |
| Alcohol use (%) | 469 (77.5) | 318 (76.3) | 86 (85.1) | 26 (83.9) | 39 (69.6) | 0.29 |
| Physical activity, median (IQR)d | 267 (128–504) | 280 (144–536) | 276 (116–510) | 300 (120–426) | 170 (82.5–332.5) | < 0.01 |
| 5. Medication use (%) | ||||||
| Proton pump inhibitor | 47 (7.8) | 23 (5.5) | 12 (11.9) | 4 (12.9) | 8 (14.3) | < 0.05 |
| Lipid-lowering | 123 (20.3) | 67 (16.1) | 19 (18.8) | 6 (19.4) | 31 (55.4) | < 0.01 |
| High blood pressure | 180 (29.8) | 91 (21.8) | 37 (36.6) | 15 (48.4) | 37 (66.1) | < 0.01 |
| 6. Diet quality score (standardized), median (IQR)e | − 0.07 (− 0.70 to 0.70) | − 0.06 (− 0.68 to 0.85) | − 0.37 (− 0.99 to 0.39) | − 0.62 (− 0.99 to 0.16) | − 0.37 (− 0.84 to 0.24) | < 0.01 |
Data source: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), 1985–2016
All covariates were collected at the Y30 Exam. Missing covariates were updated using Y25 Exam information
N/A, not applicable; HOMA-Insulin resistance, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; IQR, interquartile range
aData is reported as mean and SD
bValid sample size for insulin resistance was 604
cStatistics were calculated among participants with diabetes
dTotal activity intensity in the past year
eDerived variable from the diet history at the Y20 Exam
fp-value was based on the chi-square test for male, race, education level, field center, smoking, alcohol use, or medication use; analysis of variance was used to estimate p-value for the remaining variables