Table 2.

Multivariable-adjusted associations of α diversity measures with insulin resistance, diabetes duration, and stages of diabetes

	HOMA-IR		Diabetes duration		Stages of diabetes (reference: normal, n = 417)
					Pre-diabetes		Diabetes without treatment		Diabetes with treatment
	(n = 604)		(n = 605)		(n = 101)		(n = 31)		(n = 56)
	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Shannon index
Model 1	− 0.02	− 0.05, 0.01	− 0.02*	− 0.05, − 0.003	− 0.18	− 0.40, 0.04	− 0.18	− 0.54, 0.19	− 0.28*	− 0.56, − 0.003
Model 2	− 0.02	− 0.05, 0.02	− 0.03*	− 0.05, − 0.004	− 0.18	− 0.40, 0.05	− 0.16	− 0.52, 0.21	− 0.28	− 0.56, 0.01
Model 3	0.003	− 0.04, 0.04	− 0.02*	− 0.05, − 0.0004	− 0.13	− 0.35, 0.10	− 0.04	− 0.42, 0.33	− 0.23	− 0.52, 0.07
Model 4	− 0.003	− 0.05, 0.04	− 0.03*	− 0.05, − 0.005	− 0.15	− 0.37, 0.08	− 0.06	− 0.44, 0.31	− 0.30*	− 0.60, − 0.01
Richness
Model 1	− 0.04*	− 0.08, − 0.01	− 0.04*	− 0.06, − 0.02	− 0.26*	− 0.48, − 0.05	− 0.43*	− 0.79, − 0.07	− 0.51*	− 0.78, − 0.23
Model 2	− 0.04*	− 0.08, − 0.01	− 0.04*	− 0.07, − 0.02	− 0.28*	− 0.50, − 0.07	− 0.42*	− 0.78, − 0.06	− 0.53*	− 0.82, − 0.25
Model 3	− 0.004	− 0.05, 0.04	− 0.04*	− 0.06, − 0.02	− 0.21	− 0.43, 0.01	− 0.26	− 0.62, 0.11	− 0.44*	− 0.72, − 0.15
Model 4	− 0.01	− 0.05, 0.03	− 0.04*	− 0.06, − 0.02	− 0.22	− 0.44, 0.004	− 0.27	− 0.63, 0.10	− 0.50*	− 0.79, − 0.20

Data source: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), 1985–2016

HOMA-IR and diabetes duration were treated as continuous variables

Model 1adjusted for sequencing run. Model 2 additionally adjusted for age, sex, race, field center, and education. Model 3 additionally adjusted for physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, and diet quality score. In Model 4, medication use, such as proton pump inhibitor and lipid-lowering, was added

HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance

*Significance based on p-value < 0.05