Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies (n = 48 studies, 1 companion report)
| First author, year | Origin | Study design (methods) | Explicit conceptual foundation? | STUDY measures outcomes, impacts? | Contributions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Develop or modify tool | Use or evaluate tool | Validatea tool | |||||
| Butterfoss, 1996 | North America (USA) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Kegler, 1998 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Chan, 2000 | North America (USA) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Shortell, 2002 | North America (USA) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Weiss, 2002 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B, G | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| El Ansari, 2004 | Europe (United Kingdom) Africa (South Africa) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| El Ansari, 2004 | Europe (United Kingdom) Africa (South Africa) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Metzger, 2005 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B, G | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Kegler, 2005 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cramer, 2006 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Feinberg, 2008 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | · | ✓ | ✓ |
| Feinberg, 2008b | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | · | · | ✓ |
| Orr Brawer, 2008 | North America (USA) | Mixed methods (MM) | B, G | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| King, 2009 | North America (Canada) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Tolma, 2009 | North America (USA) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Wagemakers, 2010 | Europe (Netherlands) | Multiple-case study (MM) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| King, 2010 | North America (Canada) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | · | ✓ | · |
| Ziff, 2010 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | · | ✓ | ✓ |
| Jones, 2011 | Europe (Ireland) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Jones, 2011b | Europe (Ireland) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Perkins, 2011 | North America (USA) | Nested longitudinal study (MM) | B | O, I | · | ✓ | ✓ |
| Bilodeau (2008, 2019b | North America (Canada) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Curro, 2012 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | · | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| El Ansari, 2012 | Europe (United Kingdom) Africa (South Africa) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | O | ✓ | · | ✓ |
| Brown, 2012 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | ✓ | · | ✓ |
| Nargiso, 2013 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | · | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Perkins, 2014 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Chang, 2014 | Australasia (Taiwan) | Post-test study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Brown, 2015 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | · | ✓ | ✓ |
| Bornstein, 2015 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | I | · | ✓ | · |
| Oetzel, 2015 | North America (USA) | Nested cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Oetzel, 2015b | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | · | · | ✓ |
| Stocks, 2015 | Europe (United Kingdom) | Pre-post study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Brown, 2016 | North America (Mexico, USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | · | ✓ | ✓ |
| Goodman, 2017 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Okazaki, 2017 | North America (USA) | Case study (MM) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Jones, 2018 | Europe (Ireland) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| West, 2018 | North America (USA) | Mixed methods (MM) | G | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Oetzel, 2018 | North America (USA) | Multiple-case study (MM) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Duran, 2019 | North America (USA) | Mixed methods (MM) | B | O, I | · | ✓ | ✓ |
| Soobiah, 2019 | North America (Canada) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Dickson, 2020 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Rodriguez Espinosa, 2020 | North America (USA) | Mixed methods (MM) | B, G | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Lucero, 2020 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| van Schelven, 2021 | Europe (Netherlands) | Mixed methods (Qn) | · | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Hamilton, 2021 | North America (Canada) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Boursaw, 2021 | North America (USA) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Loban, 2021 | North America (Canada) Australasia (Australia) | Cross-sectional study (Qn) | B | O, I | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
(B) informed by conceptual theory, model, framework; (G) generated conceptual theory, model, framework; (·) conceptual underpinnings not explicitly identified
Qu qualitative study, Qn quantitative study, MM mixed-methods study, O outcomes, I impacts
aEmpirical validation
bCompanion report