Covey 2001.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Study grouping: parallel‐group
Participants	IMT N (randomized/analyzed): 19/12 Loss to follow‐up or excluded: 10 Age mean (SD) in years: 65 (6) BMI, mean (SD), kg/m²: 26 (4.8) Control/sham N (randomized/analyzed): 18/15 Loss to follow‐up or excluded: 3 Age mean (SD) in years: 67 (10) BMI, mean (SD), kg/m²: 28.8 (6) Overall N (randomized/analyzed): 37/27 Loss to follow‐up or excluded: 10 Gender (M/F): 18/9 COPD stage: severe to very severe Included criteria Severe to very severe airflow obstruction (FEV1 < 50%pred) Age: 45‐75 Severely limited functional performance Excluded criteria  History of asthma or > 25% increase in FEV1 after bronchodilator History of a major exacerbation within the past 2 months Current oral corticosteroid use (> 10 mg prednisone per day) Other health problems that would inhibit their ability to participate
Interventions	Intervention characteristics IMT: participants performed IMT at home 5 d/week, 30 min/d for 16 weeks (for a total of 80 training sessions) using Threshold IMT device. Starting training loads were 30% of PImax as tolerated. Participants were visited weekly at home by a nurse who supervised training, evaluated training loads, and progressively increased the training load as tolerated with a goal of achieving 60% of PImax. Home visits generally lasted approximately 30 min. An interval training protocol was used with participants performing 6 work sets of 5 mins’ duration separated by rest intervals lasting 1‐3 min. Control/sham: participants were visited by a nurse every 2 weeks for 16 weeks for a structured program of health education. Each home‐based session lasted approximately 1‐1.5 h and covered such topics as nutrition, relaxation techniques, pursed lip breathing, respiratory medications, respiratory infection, energy conservation techniques, oxygen therapy, and smoking cessation.
Outcomes	Dyspnea: Borg HRQoL: CRQ Respiratory muscle strength (PImax) Respiratory muscle endurance pressure: Pthmax
Identification	Sponsorship: This study was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Nursing Research, grant number NRO1428; and was conducted at the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing, Chicago, Ill and Hines VA Hospital, Section of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, Hines, Ill. Country: USA Setting: home‐based Author's name: Margaret K. Covey Institution: University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing Email: mkcovey@uic.edu Address: 845 South Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612
Notes