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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 6.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2022 Jul 7;25(8):1059–1070. doi: 10.1038/s41593-022-01102-9

Figure 6. Model diagram: NE amplitude defines the memory restorative properties of sleep.

Figure 6.

This diagram depicts NE amplitude changes during normal sleep micro-architecture and LC-NE manipulations: Sleep is characterized by infraslow ~0.02 Hz NE oscillations and the oscillatory amplitude determines both behavioral arousal and the amount of sleep spindles and spindle-rich IS-REM sleep sequences. Reducing NE oscillation amplitude by NE reuptake inhibition or optogenetic activation increases micro-arousals at the cost of spindle-rich sleep needed for memory consolidation. In contrast, augmenting NE amplitude by optogenetic inhibition favors a sleep composition with more frequent spindle-rich ISand REM sleep transitions resulting in improved memory performance despite increased incidents of awakenings.