Table 2.

Effect of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles on fibroblast differentiation in the tumor microenvironment.

Cancer Type	Cellular Source	Vesicular Cargo	The Main Result	Refs.
Triple-negative breast cancer	MDA-MB-231 BT-20 MDA-MB-453 MCF7 BT-474 SK-BR-3	ITGB4 proteins	Enhanced mitophagy and lactate generation in CAFs in a BNIP3L-dependent manner.	[64]
	TNBC MDA-MB-231 MDA-MB-468	miR-9	Influenced the properties of NFs and promoted the switch to CAF, thereby leading to tumor growth.	[58]
Ovarian cancer	A2780 SKVO3	miR-630	Raised amounts of α-SMA and FAP in NFs resulted in the differentiation of NFs into CAFs via inhibiting KLF6 and activating the NFκB pathway.	[60]
Bladder cancer	RT4 T24 SW1710	TGF-β	Triggered the differentiation of fibroblasts to CAFs by SMAD pathway activation	[63]
Colorectal cancer	SW620 SW480	Vesicular cargo	Activated normal quiescent fibroblasts (α-SMA−, CAV+) into CAF-like fibroblasts (α-SMA+, CAV−) with pro-proliferative and pro-angiogenic features	[65]
Lung cancer (LC)	A549 H460	miR-210	Promoted the NFs transferring into CAFs via activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2)	[61]
Melanoma	B16BL6	eTGF-β	Triggered TGF-β signaling in HUVECs and differentiated them into CAFs	[19]
	B16F0	Gm26809	Stimulated conversion of fibroblast NIH3T3 cells into CAFs	[66]
	B16-F10	miR-21	Stimulated invasiveness of fibroblasts by increasing matrix metalloprotein (MMP) and down-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) expressions.	[59]
Breast cancer	MCF-7 MDA-MB-231	Vesicular survivin	Converted NFs into myofibroblasts by upregulating SOD1 and increased proliferation, EMT, and stemness.	[62]
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)	SAS HSC-3	Vesicular cargo	Convert normal fibroblasts into CAF-like cells and raised fibroblast proliferation, migration and activation of 11 signaling pathways (IL-6- and IL-17-related signaling)	[67]