Table 3.

Effect of TEVs on immature myeloid cell differentiation to MDSC in the TME.

Cancer Type	Cellular Source	Vesicular Cargo	The Main Result	Refs.
Breast cancer	4T1 tumor model in BALB/c mice	PGE2 and TGF-β	Induced the differentiation of IMCs to MDSC expressing IL-6, Cox2, VEGF, and arginase-1.	[75]
	MCF-7 4T1 MDA-MB-231	PD-L1+	Boosted tumor growth and accumulation of MDSCs and M2 in the TME.	[76]
	4T1	Vesicular cargoes	Differentiated bone marrow cells into MDSCs	[79]
	4T1 tumor-bearing mice plasma 4T1	miR-181a and miR-9	Stimulated MDSC differentiation by inhibiting SOCS3 and PIAS3 (regulators of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway).	[80]
Gastric cancer	MKN-28 MKN-45 SGC-7901	Vesicular cargo	Increased frequency of MDSC, and decreased CD8+ T and NK cells.	[22]
Renal cancer	RenCa	HSP 70	Antigen-specific immunosuppression effect on CTL	[78]
Glioblastoma	Blood samples from glioma patients	miR-1246	Induced MDSCs via specificity phosphatase 3 (DUSP3) and ERK-dependent manner.	[81]
	P3 G422 GL261 U87	miR-29a	Increased MDSCs via interaction with high-mobility group box transcription factor 1 (Hbp1) and protein kinase cAMP-dependent type I regulatory subunit alpha (Prkar1a).	[82]
	Blood samples from glioma patient Human astrocytes supernatant	Vesicular cargo	Acting on MDSC, reduced T-cell immune response in an indirect manner.	[83]
	Blood samples from glioma patient	PD-L1	Induced immunosuppressive monocytes, including MDSCs and nonclassical monocytes.	[77]
Lung cancer (LC)	95D H292 H358	miR-21a	Induced MDSC expression by downregulation of the PDCD4 protein.	[84]