Table 4.

Effect of the tumor-derived extracellular vesicles on Dendritic cells.

Cancer Type.	Cellular Source	Vesicular Cargo	The Main Result	Refs.
Prostate cancer	DU145	PGE2	Triggered the expression of CD73 and then CD39 on DCs, resulting in inhibition of TNFα- and IL-12-production via an ATP-dependent manner	[156]
NSCLC	Blood samples from NSCLC patients	Galectin-9 and Tim-3	Interacted with TIM-3 on DCs	[157]
Renal cancer	CD105+ CSCs CD105− TCs	HLA-G	Disrupted maturation of DCs and T-cell immune responses	[133]
Glioblastoma	CSF samples from glioma patients GL261 U87MG U118 MG	Galectin-9	Inhibited antigen recognition, processing, and presentation by interacting with TIM-3 on DCs	[142]
	Ascites of glioma patients	PD-L1	Impaired DCs maturation via formation of immunosuppressive monocytes	[77]
	Blood samples from glioma patients GSC20 GSC267 GSC17 MEC-1	Vesicular cargo	Skewed monocytes toward an immune suppressive phenotype and induced programmed PD-L1 expression on monocytes through STAT3 phosphorylation and TLR7-dependent manner	[33,158]
Melanoma	SKMEL28 A375 C32TG	S100, A8/A9	Inhibited DCs maturation and reduced expression of CD83, CD86, Th1 polarizing chemokines (such as Flt3L, IL-15), and migration chemokines (MIP-1α and MIP-1β)	[150]
	lymphatic fluid sample of melanoma patients ATCC	S100A9	Inhibited DCs maturation and prepared metastatic niche in lymph nodes	[159]
	B16-F0	TGF-β1	Increased mRNA levels of IL-4 and TGF-β1 which inhibited DCs’ maturation	[160]
	Blood samples from melanoma patients B16-F0	HSP72 and HSP105	Induced secretion of IL-6 from DCs via TLR4- and TLR2-dependent manner activating STAT3-dependent MMP 9 activity	[161]
lymphocytic leukemia	Blood samples from CLL patients	S100A8/A9	CD83, CD86, IL-12, and IL-15 expressions were all downregulated via activating the NFκB pathway	[162,163]
lung carcinoma	LLC	PD-L1	Myeloid precursor cells were unable to differentiate into CD11c+ DCs in the presence of vesicular PD-L1 and resulted in DCs death	[152]
	LLC A549	MALAT1	Inhibited DC function and T-cell proliferation and increased DC autophagy via AKT/mTOR Pathway	[151]
Breast cancer	MDA-MB-231 TS/A	Vesicular cargo	Inhibited the development of myeloid precursor cells into DCs by increasing IL-6 production and reducing CD83 and CD86 expression	[149]
	4T1	PD-L1	Myeloid precursor cells were unable to differentiate into CD11c+ DCs in the presence of vesicular PD-L1 and resulted in DC death	[152]
	Blood samples from melanoma patients 4T1	HSP72 and HSP105	Promoted DCs to IL-6 secretion in a TLR2- and TLR4-dependent manner which activated STAT3-dependent MMP 9 activity	[161]