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Visible light combined with a fluorescent microscopic image (400× magnification) of spermatozoa stained with DayLight488 (NeutrAvidin fluorescent conjugate; (left panel)) of the same sperm shown with PI staining (right panel). Non-treated (mostly viable sperm; (upper panel)) and snap-frozen (nonviable sperm; lower panel) showing PI+ sperm to be LF+; note that sperm that were PI− were predominately LF− (upper panel).
