Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of patient-derived models.

Model	Advantages	Disadvantages
Primary PDC—patient-derived cell culture	–a natural replacement for traditional cancer cell lines –reflection of the characteristics of the patient’s tumor –possibility of high-throughput screening –low cost	–difficult to obtain and subject to aging –not reproducible by 2D culture of tumor heterogeneity and its microenvironment
PDS—patient-derived spheroids	–reflection of the three-dimensional architecture of the tumor –establishment of a suitable large-scale screening –low cost	–do not reflect the cellular composition and microenvironment of the tumors
PDO—patient-derived organoids	–ability to self-assemble on a scaffold that mimics the extracellular environment –ability to differentiate, forming a complex tissue structure –repetition of the structure of the primary tissue –fast distribution and suitable for high bandwidth systems	–the absence of a native tumor microenvironment, which significantly affects the survival of tumor cells
PDTSC—patient-derived tissue slice culture	–preservation of metabolic activity and morphological integrity –preservation of histopathology, tumor microenvironment, including intercellular contacts and a wide range of cells –less time spent due to fewer manipulations (model can be created within a day)	–applicable only to solid neoplasms –do not fully reflect the complexity of the tumor, have a finite life expectancy
Mouse PDX—patient-derived xenografts	–reproduction of complex tumor microenvironment –tumor cell heterogeneity and original tumor architecture –immunomodulation –exposure of tumor cells to a wide range of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and hormones in vivo –biological similarity between the human disease and the animal model	–limited engraftment success rates, graft rejection and prolonged engraftment, requiring at least 6–7 weeks for engraftment –long time for experiments –high cost
Zebrafish PDX	–quick establishing –rapid turnaround –low-cost –high-throughput –transparency—easy to monitor non-invasively –small space requirements –low doses of screened drugs	–difficult translatability/applicability of dosing results; –different body temperatures between fish and humans; –short observation period; –high mortality
CAM-PDX	–quick establishing –easy to manipulate –high successful transplantation rate –low-cost –high-throughput –chick embryos are naturally immunodeficient; –small space requirements; –low doses of screened drugs	–short observation period; –difference in drug metabolism and immune system with mammals