Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population overall and by ECHO-PATHWAYS cohort
| Total | CANDLE | GAPPS | TIDES | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N=1118 | N=609 | N=112 | N=397 |
|
| ||||
| Child age at CBCL assessment (years), mean +/− SD | 5.12 ± 1.03 | 4.27 ± 0.34 | 5.44 ± 0.68 | 6.33 ± 0.35 |
| CBCL Study Form | ||||
| Preschool | 701 (62.7%) | 609 (100.0%) | 92 (82.1%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| School age | 417 (37.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 20 (17.9%) | 397 (100.0%) |
| Child sex | ||||
| Male | 537 (48.0%) | 298 (48.9%) | 53 (47.3%) | 186 (46.9%) |
| Female | 581 (52.0%) | 311 (51.1%) | 59 (52.7%) | 211 (53.1%) |
| Child race | ||||
| White | 551 (49.3%) | 179 (29.4%) | 86 (76.8%) | 286 (72.0%) |
| Black | 427 (38.2%) | 386 (63.4%) | 3 (2.7%) | 38 (9.6%) |
| Asian | 26 (2.3%) | 6 (1.0%) | 1 (0.9%) | 19 (4.8%) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 6 (0.5%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.9%) | 3 (0.8%) |
| Other | 83 (7.4%) | 30 (4.9%) | 18 (16.1%) | 35 (8.8%) |
| Multiple | 25 (2.2%) | 6 (1.0%) | 3 (2.7%) | 16 (4.0%) |
| Maternal age at delivery (years), mean +/− SD | 29.28 ± 5.75 | 27.35 ± 5.60 | 30.84 ± 5.04 | 31.79 ± 5.04 |
| Income adjusted for household count (U.S. dollars), mean +/− SD | 73114.71 ± 54693.13 | 42700.04 ± 29515.13 | 104334.30 ± 49999.95 | 110963.40 ± 57140.16 |
| Household count, mean +/− SD | 4.32 ± 1.25 | 4.40 ± 1.34 | 4.55 ± 1.24 | 4.14 ± 1.08 |
| Household count categories | ||||
| 2–3 | 240 (21.5%) | 136 (22.3%) | 15 (13.4%) | 89 (22.4%) |
| 4 | 478 (42.8%) | 228 (37.4%) | 48 (42.9%) | 202 (50.9%) |
| 5 | 244 (21.8%) | 143 (23.5%) | 28 (25.0%) | 73 (18.4%) |
| 5+ | 156 (14.0%) | 102 (16.7%) | 21 (18.8%) | 33 (8.3%) |
| Maternal education | ||||
| Less than high school/high school/GED | 284 (25.4%) | 247 (40.6%) | 10 (8.9%) | 27 (6.8%) |
| Vocational or Technical school or Associates degree | 152 (13.6%) | 73 (12.0%) | 28 (25.0%) | 51 (12.8%) |
| College degree | 328 (29.3%) | 166 (27.3%) | 40 (35.7%) | 122 (30.7%) |
| Graduate or professional degree | 354 (31.7%) | 123 (20.2%) | 34 (30.4%) | 197 (49.6%) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or living with partner | 813 (72.7%) | 366 (60.1%) | 104 (92.9%) | 343 (86.4%) |
| Not married or living as single | 305 (27.3%) | 243 (39.9%) | 8 (7.1%) | 54 (13.6%) |
| Child was first born | ||||
| No | 621 (55.5%) | 369 (60.6%) | 78 (69.6%) | 174 (43.8%) |
| Yes | 497 (44.5%) | 240 (39.4%) | 34 (30.4%) | 223 (56.2%) |
| Pre-pregnancy maternal BMI, mean +/− SD | 27.00 ± 7.31 | 28.38 ± 7.82 | 26.86 ± 7.52 | 24.93 ± 5.80 |
| Child gestational age (days), mean +/− SD | 274.32 ± 9.95 | 273.57 ± 8.90 | 274.28 ± 10.42 | 275.48 ± 11.19 |
| Prenatal alcohol use | ||||
| None | 1012 (90.5%) | 562 (92.3%) | 103 (92.0%) | 347 (87.4%) |
| Any | 106 (9.5%) | 47 (7.7%) | 9 (8.0%) | 50 (12.6%) |
| Pre- and post-natal secondhand smoke exposure | ||||
| None | 920 (82.3%) | 471 (77.3%) | 99 (88.4%) | 350 (88.2%) |
| Any | 198 (17.7%) | 138 (22.7%) | 13 (11.6%) | 47 (11.8%) |
| Postnatal maternal smoking | ||||
| None | 1060 (94.8%) | 568 (93.3%) | 111 (99.1%) | 381 (96.0%) |
| Any | 58 (5.2%) | 41 (6.7%) | 1 (0.9%) | 16 (4.0%) |
| Maternal stress (Perceived Stress Scale), mean +/− SD | 2.27 ± 0.70 | 2.34 ± 0.73 | 2.24 ± 0.71 | 2.16 ± 0.64 |
| Maternal depression (PROMIS score), mean +/− SD | 48.37 ± 7.24 | 48.33 ± 6.89 | 49.09 ± 7.60 | 48.24 ± 7.66 |
| Child breastfeeding | ||||
| None | 217 (19.4%) | 186 (30.5%) | 5 (4.5%) | 26 (6.5%) |
| <6 months | 338 (30.2%) | 239 (39.2%) | 27 (24.1%) | 72 (18.1%) |
| ≥ 6 months | 563 (50.4%) | 184 (30.2%) | 80 (71.4%) | 299 (75.3%) |
| Recruitment site | ||||
| Memphis | 609 (54.5%) | 609 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| San Francisco | 109 (9.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 109 (27.5%) |
| Minneapolis | 127 (11.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 127 (32.0%) |
| Rochester | 82 (7.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 82 (20.7%) |
| Seattle - TIDES | 79 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 79 (19.9%) |
| Seattle - GAPPS | 50 (4.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 50 (44.6%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Yakima | 62 (5.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 62 (55.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Child Opportunity Index Education score (z-score), mean +/− SD | −0.01 ± 0.08 | −0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.06 | 0.04 ± 0.08 |
| Child Opportunity Index Social and Economic score (z-score), mean +/− SD | −0.00 ± 0.24 | −0.09 ± 0.24 | 0.08 ± 0.12 | 0.11 ± 0.20 |