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. 2022 Dec 22;15(1):52. doi: 10.3390/cancers15010052

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic model of galectin-3-dependent and -independent effects of dietary fibers and polyphenols potentially leading to reduced CRC risk and progression. Galectin-3-independent protective effects occur through modulation of gut microbiota and attenuation of inflammatory responses induced by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) triggering in immune cells. Galectin-3-dependent protective effects on CRC have been demonstrated for pectin (full arrow) and, so far, only suggested for polyphenols (dotted arrow).