Table 3.
Ethogram used for isolation video scoring.
| Category | Behavior | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Locomotory behaviors | Exploratory locomotion (duration) |
Puppy engaged in motor activity (e.g., walking, trotting, and running) involved in targeted investigation of the environment (sniffing, pawing, licking, etc.) (adapted from [36,44]). |
| Non-exploratory locomotion (duration) |
Puppy engaged in motor activity (e.g., walking, trotting, and running) without exploration of the environment (adapted from [44]). | |
| Repetitive behaviors * (duration) |
Movement repeated along the same path (imaginary line, along the fence, or in a circle) or any stereotypic behaviors (repeated bouncing off pen walls, jumping up and down on the same spot with 2 or 4 legs in the air, pivoting on hind legs) (adapted from [45,46]). | |
| Stationary behaviors | Sit (duration) |
Front legs straight, rear end lowered, and resting on “hocks” and “perineum” or floor (adapted from [42,47]). |
| Stand (duration) |
Puppy is in an upright position supported by 3 or 4 legs (adapted from [46,47]). | |
| Lie down * (duration) |
Puppy’s body is in contact with the ground, not supported by its legs. Head may be lifted or resting on the ground, and the eyes may be open or closed (adapted from [42,46]). | |
| Stationary exploration (duration) |
Targeted investigation of the environment (sniffing, pawing, licking, etc.) while in a stationary position (sit, stand, or lie). | |
| Self-grooming * (duration) | “Action of cleaning of the body surface by licking, nibbling, picking, rubbing, scratching, and so on directed toward the animal’s body” [44]. | |
| Shaking head/body * (frequency) |
Rotation of the head or the entire body, beginning with the head and moving toward the tail [47]. | |
| Escape attempt (duration) |
Puppy attempts to leave test pen by pawing at pen walls, sticking nose through pen bars, or biting pen bars (adapted from [48]). | |
| Vocalizations | Any vocalization, e.g., bark, growl, howl, or whine (frequency) |
Bark: “Sharp vocalization, often loud and repetitive” Growl: “Low-pitched grumble, with or without exposed teeth” Howl: “Low pitched, long duration vocalization” Whine: “High-pitched vocalization” [42]. |
| Elimination * | Urination (frequency) |
Puppy expels urine from the body. |
| Defecation (frequency) |
Puppy expels feces from the body. |
* Dropped from analysis due to low occurrence of behavior.