Table. Examples of TNC Types, Health Burdens and Externalities .

TNC	Health Burdens	Externalities
Ultra-processed food and beverages	Increased obesity and chronic disease including cardiovascular, diabetes and dental caries.	Costs of treatment. Shorter life expectancy. Health inequities.
Alcohol	Increased cancers and cardiovascular disease, fetal alcohol syndrome, injuries and violence, including family violence.
Tobacco	Increased cancers and cardiovascular disease.
Fossil fuels	Main cause of global warming and climate change that threatens human survival. Destruction of ecosystems and decline of biodiversity as a result. Toxic wastes and industrial disasters including oil spills and tailings dam collapses.	Extreme weather events cause damage and human lives and livelihoods lost. Some countries’ existence threatened by human suffering and costs of flooding and sea level rise and massive bushfires. Threats to communities especially in low- or middle-income countries. Inequitable impacts within populations.
Social media	Mental health impacts.	Costs of treatment and/or individual and social harms resulting from a lack of appropriate treatment.
Practices common to most TNCs	Lobbying government and/or providing political donations to maintain products despite harms. Tax evasion. Profitability uppermost in decision making. Employing ‘health wash’ and ‘greenwash’ tactics. Creating ‘civil society organisations’ or ‘front groups’ to promote corporate views, and using public relations as a form of education. Using corporate social responsibility strategies to enhance the corporate image.	Threats to the democratic process. Reduction in health and social provision due to lack of revenue. Promoting values and outcomes inimical to population health. Lack of transparency over corporate operations leading to private interests prevailing over public interests. Influencing the level of health harming consumer purchases by generating greater credibility and trust. Entrenching self-regulation instead of government regulation with corporate compliance enforced to protect the public interest.

Abbreviation: TNC, transnational corporation.