Table 2.

An overview of the main studies reporting on thyroid irAEs from ICIs treatment.

Year	First Author	Ref.	Patients n.	M/F	ICI	irAEs n. (%)	Thyroid irAEs n. (%)	Hypothyroidism n. (%)	Thyrotoxicosis n. (%)	Previous Thyroid Disease n. (%)
2018	Guaraldi F	[48]	52	22/30	52 (100%) ipilimumab 29 (55.8%) nivolumab for disease progression	-	7 (13.4%)	1 (1.9%, 4 euthyroid HT)) 7 (13.4%)	3 (5.7%) (1 transient)	3 (5.7%)
2019	Yamauchi I	[53]	200	134/66	200 (100%) nivolumab	-	67 (33.5%) 40 (20%) subclinical 27 (13.5%) overt	- - 11 (5.5%) post thyrotoxicosis	- - 17 (8.5%)	NA
2021	Paderi A	[54]	43	35/8	33 (76.7%) nivolumab 10 (23.7%) nivolumab plus ipilimumab	29 (67.4%)	19 (44.2%) endocrine irAEs 15/19 (78.9%) thyroid irAEs	15 (43.88%)	8/19 early thyrotoxicosis	NA
2022	Karhapaa H	[55]	140	75/65	21 (15%) ipilimumab, 46 (33%) nivolumab, 67 (48%) pembrolizumab, and 6 (4%) ipilimumab + nivolumab	-	41 (29.2%) endocrine irAEs 36/41 (87.8%) thyroid irAEs	- 8 (22%)	- 14 (39%)	NA
2021	Ferreira JL	[58]	161		pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and ipilimumab	-	29 (18%)	8.7% primary 4.3% central 2.5% biphasic thyroiditis	2.5%	NA
2021	Luongo C	[59]	96	66/30	67 (69.1%) nivolumab, 18 (18.5%) pembrolizumab, 9 (9.3%) ipilimumab	-	36 (38%)	11 (30.5%)	25 (69.5%) transient	NA
2021	Muir CA	[60]	1246	824/422	165 (13%) ipilimumab, 236 (19%) nivolumab, 448 (36%) pembrolizumab 285 (23%) ipilimumab + nivolumab, and 112 (9%) others	-	518 (42%)	100 (8%)	388 (31%)	NA
2020	Basak EA	[61]	168	103/65	118 (70%) nivolumab 50 (30%) pembrolizumab	-	54 (32%) 34 (20%) subclinical 20 (12%) overt	-	-	27 (16%)
2021	Rubino R	[63]	251	119/62	154 (61.35%) nivolumab 97 (38.65%) pembrolizumab		70 (27.89) endocrine irAEs 66/70 (94.28%) thyroid irAEs	34 (51.52%)	17 (22.72%)	28 (73.68%)

HT: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; NA: not available.