Table 3.

Estimated opioid pharmacokinetic parameters pertinent to pain regimen monitoring and adjustment.

Formulation/Route of Administration	Time to Peak1—Assess for Efficacy and Adverse Effects	Additional Considerations
Intravenous	10–15 min
Subcutaneous	30 min
Immediate release oral	60 min
Immediate release sublingual	15–30 min	Assess patient ability to hold medication under the tongue

Expected time to peak based on route of administration in otherwise healthy patients without organ dysfunction. Reference: [11].