Figure 3.

Mechanistic illustration of various novel formulations (NPs, in situ gels, microspheres, hydrogels, niosomes, and nanoliposomes) of natural products (curcumin, paclitaxel, alicin, resveratrol, BRAs, SIL, NAR, and salvianolic acid) for the treatment of oral cancer. These advanced formulations enhance penetration of natural products by acting through different pathways for the suppression of oral cancer progression, including reducing mitochondrial membrane potential, metastasis, various cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-8, and activity of various enzymes, such as hsALDH. All these effects ultimately cause DNA damage and lead to apoptosis, thereby reducing the rate of oral cancer cell proliferation. Various gels provide site-specific delivery of natural products, such as paclitaxel, by incorporation of mucoadhesive polymers, leading to enhanced bioavailability at the site of action.