. 2022 Dec 23;12(1):82. doi: 10.3390/foods12010082

Table 1.

Conditions that facilitate the resuscitation process of VBNC cells.

Resuscitation Factors	Bacterial Species	Resuscitation Conditions		References
Resuscitation Factors	Bacterial Species	VBNC-State Induction Condition	Corresponding Resuscitation Condition	References
External stress removal	Arcobacter butzleri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio vulnificus, E. coli	Low temperature	Temperature up-shift	[24,32,33,34,35,36]
	Salmonella bovismorbificans, Enterococcus faecalis, Citrobacter sp., V. cholerae, Listeria monocytogenesisolates, Enterococci sp., Pasteurella piscicida, Yersinia pestis, V. shiloi, V. tasmaniensis, V. parahaemolyticus	Starvation	Addition of nutrients	[29,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]
	Enterobacter cloacae	Desiccation	Rewetting	[46]
	E. coli O157:H7, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes	Low pH	Adjustment to the optimal pH	[47]
	Acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria	O₂ deprivation	Addition of O₂	[48]
	E. coli O104:H4, Acidovorax citrulli, Erwinia amylovorain	Copper	Addition of chelating agent	[49,50,51]
	S. enterica, E. coli O157:H7	Food processing techniques	Stress removal	[26,52]
Supplementation with peroxidases	Yeasts, Ralstonia solanacearum, E. coli O157:H7, Enterococcus sp., Salmonella sp. S. aureus, V. cincinnatiensis	Catalase, sodium pyruvate, SOD, GST, CAT, acetaldehyde		[53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]
Host of VBNC cells	Legionella pneumophila, E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, L. monocytogenes, V. cholerae O1, Francisella tularensis, E. faecalis, Campylobacter sp.	Yolk sacs of embryonated eggs/1-week-old chicks, Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells, passage in the mouse intestine, co-culture with eukaryotic cells, injected intraperitoneally into mice, mice stomachs, co-culture with Acanthamoeba/Castellanii/Acanthamoeba polyphaga, ingestion by C. elegans, inoculated in iron-dextran-treated mice		[9,11,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79]
Supplementation with substances that could promote resuscitation	Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7, Vibrio sp., V. parahaemolyticus	Supplementation with autoinducer (AI)		[6,80,81,82]
	H. pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosisare, Rhodococcus sp., actinobacteria, M. smegmatis, Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus biphenylivorans strain TG9^T	Supplementation with resuscitation promoting factor (Rpf)		[83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93]